A free software implementation of second-generation onion routing that help the user to be anonymous while using the internet so it protect the user’s privacy from being monitored Some people use it in the wrong way which lead to what is called now “The Darknet” : A black spot in the internet which involve all the criminal activities on the internet such as selling Drugs, fraud, copyright infringement and piracy and so on.

1. Tor Project and The Darknet
Computer Networks
By: Ahmed Motair El Said Mater
4th
year Computer and Systems Dept.
Presented to: Dr. Nesreen I. Zidan

2. Contents:
1. Introduction
2. The Network Surveillance
3. The Creation of Tor
1. Dr. David Lee Chaum (Mix Network Approach)
2. Paul Syverson (The Onion Router Approach)
4. The Usage of TOR (Legal Hidden Services)
5. What is the Darknet (Illegal Hidden Services)
6. Internet vs Deep web vs Darknet
7. Attacks on TOR Network (Operation Onymous)
1. Introduction:
Tor is a free software used to protect privacy
against internet surveillance. It provides the user
full anonymity so that the Technology companies
and ISP companies can’t track back its traffic.
Internet Surveillance has spread in a wide range maybe It’s done by some
websites which monitor your internet traffic, analysis it and save it in their
databases in a special profile dedicated for you which can be useful in the
next future or It could be done by the governments who collect intel about
the citizen claims to be for maintaining the security in the country. This data
is very sensitive as it may contain private details about people which no one
has to know about, but the technology companies on the other hand make
use of this data and sell it to the advertising companies or may be sent to an
intelligent agency or the government in the country as a part of a surveillance
project. This leads to thinking about Tor which is designed to protect the
users from being surveilled by other companies or agencies or governments.
Now using Tor you can surf the internet freely without any worries of
surveillance or traffic monitoring.
Tor is the acronym of “The Onion Router” which is the technique used to
protect the users traffic from being monitored and hide their real identity. The
Onion Routing -in a brief- is working very simple where the message is
encrypted several times, send over several nodes, at each node one
encryption layer is decrypted and send to the next node until it reaches the

3. last node with the last encryption layer which is decrypted and now we have
the message and the destination address and this node starts to send the it
to the destination so any traffic analysis will think that this last node is the
sender but actually it isn’t.
Although the Tor Network was intended to help people protect their privacy
and their traffic from being surveilled but also this powerful secure tool is
used for an evil purpose in which criminals uses it to hide their identities
while committing crimes and a black side in the internet has emerged “The
Darknet”. It’s the place where so many illegal activities take place on the
internet such as selling drugs, hiring murders, piracy, pornography, gambling
and all kind of fraud… etc.
Tor is praised for providing that strong privacy and anonymity by computer
security researchers and agencies of the NSA who said:
“It’s the King of high-secure, low-latency internet anonymity”.
But on the other hand It’s not 100% secure specially for close and manually
monitoring of Tor users and some other means such as targeting outdated
versions of Firefox browsers codenamed Egotistical Giraffe or implementing
a vulnerable software on a Tor user’s computer, Tor network has also
suffered a great attack known as the “Operation Onymous” which has been
led by the some security agencies such as FBI, NSA, DHS, DEA and more
other law enforcements to shut down some black markets in the Darknet
such as: Silk Road and Hydra.
2. The Network Surveillance:
Most of the technology companies are monitoring the internet traffic of their
customers while surfing the internet. Not only the Technology companies but
also many of the government agencies around the world under projects which
is considered mass surveillance over the society, the internet users and even
the data over the cell phones too.
First we will talk about How the network surveillance is done: Packets of data
are sent over the network which are moving from one node to another along
the path from its source until it’s assembled at its destination. During this
routing the companies put a computer program or may be a piece of

4. hardware that intercept the data movement or may be a hardware, These are
called Packet Capture or Packet Sniffing.
This Packet Capture is an application can intercept the data transferred over
the network and also log all the traffic. It also has the ability to capture the
packet, copy, decode its raw data and know its
content and after analyzing this data it saves
the information to a profile.
Edward Snowden is a computer security
professional, former CIA employee and former
government (NSA) contractor. On June, 6 2013,
Edward has leaked a very sensitive documents
to The Guardian and The Washington Post that
proves the existence of mass data collection
projects that were more far beyond what the
public knew. He characterized these projects
with “Dangerous” and “Criminal” activity,
One of these projects is known as PRISM which is
a secret surveillance program under the supervision of the National Security
Agency (NSA) which collects the data traffic of the users from at least nine
major internet company in the USA. With the help of more other technology
companies that participate in this project such: Microsoft in 2007, Yahoo! in
2008, Facebook in 2009, Paltalk in 2009, Google in 2009, YouTube in 2010,
Skype in 2011, AOL in 2011 and Apple in 2012. The documents leaked by
Edward indicate that 98% of the PRISM production is based on Yahoo,
Microsoft and Google.
After the revealing of this important documents by Edward the public has
made a wide range of outcry over these technology companies that helped
the NSA in its spying project which led to a great lose for these companies.
The loss is estimated in the cloud-based computing systems up to 35 million
dollars in the next three years especially: Google, Cisco and AT&T.
In an interview with The Guardian, Snowden said:
“I don’t want to live in a society that does these sort of things”

5. PRISM Overview
PRISM was just an example for one of the surveillance projects but there are
more other projects such as: MUSCULAR (DS-200B), DCSNet, X-
Keyscore, Stellar Wind ,….. etc.
The Advantages of the Network Surveillance:
1. It helped some countries to maintain its security and prevent some
crimes or any illegal activities in their countries.
2. Also most of the Social Media Websites such as Twitter, Facebook,
YouTube…. etc. enable people to contact and communicate with
friends, family and get new friends everyday

6. The Disadvantages of the Network Surveillance:
1. If these data are leaked into the wrong hand it will threaten the life of
many people because of the very sensitive private details
2. Some of the journalists and whistleblowers uses the internet to
transfer very important document about corruption in some
companies so if their identities are known they will be in danger
Finally we can see that Surveillance is a double-edged weapon that may be
useful to protect the national security of the country but it may go beyond
this to threaten people life.
3. The Creation of TOR :
1. Mix-Networks Approach:
The story begins with Dr. David Lee
Chaum who is considered the father of
anonymity. He is a cryptographer and the
inventor of many cryptographic protocols.
In the early 1980s, He was very ahead of
his time as he predicted that in the next 15
or 20 years the privacy of the user on the
internet won’t be private and the world with
computer networks and the great progress
in computer abilities will make the idea of
mass surveillance possible. Although it was early in his time but he started
working on an idea that could protect the user from being surveilled and he
called it “Mix Networks”.
The Mix Networks Routing Protocols: they are routing protocols that
work on making the user anonymous while using the internet. In general, they
create a hard-to-trace communications between nodes by encrypting the
messages coming from multiple nodes and send them to a node which
decrypts the layer of encryption, shuffle them and send them to their
destinations in a random order. Due to the separation between the sender
and receiver it becomes harder for the packet analyzer to determine the
sender or the receiver of which message sent over the network.

7. The Mix Networks in detail:
For Example: we have 4 nodes (A, B, C and D) and each node has a
message to be sent.
1. Each message is encrypted using a public key cryptography to each
proxy which result in a layer of encryption and not only one layer but
they are 3 layers of encryption, this is similar to the Russian Doll
(Matryoshka).
- The message and the destination are in the inner most of the packet
- Each layer has packet encrypted and the address of the next node
- The whole packet is routed over several nodes (called mixers)
2. At the first Node : Let’s start with message A as example, when the
message A reaches the first node (first mixer), the first layer is decrypted
using its Private key, and it waits until another messages are received in
this node and added to the waiting queue.
3. After receiving a bunch of messages they are shuffled and sent in a
random order to the second node (second mixer).
4. The second mixer receives each message and decrypt the second layer
of encryption using its private key and determine the next destination and
waits for more messages to shuffle them and send them in random order
to the third mixer.

8. 5. Finally at the third mixer, the messages are received and the final layer of
encryption is decrypted, now we have the messages and the addresses
of their destination where they will be sent to.
The security in this method is that at each mixer:
1. The sender and the destination aren’t real and the packet is encrypted
2. The incoming messages and outgoing one aren’t in the same order
3. The content of messages look different
Those makes it difficult for the Hacker or the Attacker to correlate between
the incoming and outgoing messages at each mixer.
At the beginning, when David Chaum thought about this method it was based
on mixing the messages at one node (one mixer), that was a major flaw as if
the hacker comprised the shuffled message at that mixer then he can know
the sender and the receiver that will reveal the identity of the user, and the
solution to this problem is to chain a bunch of mixers that will make it more
difficult for the hacker to comprise all the mixer to defeat the anonymity
provided by this approach.
Although the Mix-Networks Approach is successful in making the user more
anonymous but there is some disadvantages such as:
1. Latency: as the message needs to wait for another more messages
to shuffle and hide between them.
2. Complexity: as to make the network more secure you have to
increase the number of the mixers.
2. The Onion Router Approach:
In the mid-1990s, the US Naval Research Laboratory
has worked on a project which is its purpose is to
protect the US intelligence communications online
from being monitored or surveilled by the technology
company or any other traffic tracker.
Paul Syverson, Michael Reed, David Goldschlag,
Nick Mathewson and Roger Dingledine are
mathematicians and computer scientists who worked
on the TOR project.

9. - In 1997 the Onion Routing is developed by DARPA
- On 20 Sept 2002 The Onion Router or TOR Project is launched
- On 13 August 2004 TOR 2nd
Generation is presented
- In 2004 US Naval Research Lab released the code of TOR under the
free license
- In 2006 the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) begun funding the
TOR project as a non-profit organization by Dingledine and
Mathewson and five others
Dr. Paul Syverson continued the work of Dr. David Chaum in the anonymity
and overcome the disadvantages in his approach, by not depending on
collecting some messages but routing the message through some
anonymous users. According to his method, He can’t be anonymous alone
but he needs more anonymous users to be anonymous with them and this is
will build the TOR Network.
The Onion Routing aims to conceal the identity of the user and his activity
from any network surveillance by routing his packet through a volunteering
worldwide network of servers which makes it difficult on the attackers from
monitoring the internet traffic.
Now How the Onion Routing works in details?
First we have to describe the environment of the TOR Network in which we
have a Sender node (Let’s say its Alice’s Computer) and a network of
anonymous TOR clients (the Clients with the + sign) and we have a
Destination (Let’s say its Bob’s Computer)

10. So what will happen if Alice want to send a message to Bob
1. The routing path has to be constructed by sending a request from the
sender to a Central Server (It’s the node that has information about the
Tor nodes sometimes called Directory Node), It replies with a set of Tor
nodes which we call them Circuit or Chain
This Circuit consists of 3 nodes:
1. The 1st
node is called the Entry Node
2. The 2nd
node is called the Middle Node
3. The 3rd
node is called the Exit Node
2. The Sender (Alice) will make a Node to Node connection with the Entry
Node by sending a creation request with a Node to Node Key (Let’s call
it ID1) which is only know by the Entry Node and the Sender only, then
the Entry Node replies with circuit created.
3. Now we have a secure path from Alice to the Entry Node.
4. Then Alice continue in creating the Path by sending an extend request
to the Entry Node with the address of the next node.
5. The Entry Node will make a Node to Node connection with the Middle
Node by sending a creation request to the Middle Node with a Node to
Node key (Let’s say ID2) which is only known by the Entry Node and
Middle Node only and the Sender doesn’t know it, then the Middle Node
replies with circuit created.
6. Now for the last circuit, The sender send an extend circuit request to the
Entry Node with the address of the next Node which will send another
extend circuit request to the Middle Node with the address of the next
Node

11. 7. The Middle Node will send a creation request to the Exit Node with a
Node to Node Key (Let’s say ID3) which is only known by the Middle
Node and the Exit Node, and the Sender and the Entry Nodes doesn’t
have to know it, then the Exit Node replies circuit created
8. The previous steps are only to establish a secure circuit between nodes
but until now no data has been sent over the circuit, this last figure
represents the secure channel where the data will be sent.
9. Now the Circuit is complete let’s send the Data, The Sender will encrypt
the data with the three layers of encryption as in (Chaum Mix-Networks)
and each Node has a different private key to decrypt one of these layers
of encryption.
10. When the data reach the exit node and the final layer of encryption is
decrypted, the Exit Node now have the message and the destination. It
will establish a connection between it and the destination node to send
the message, this node will seem to others as it’s the real sender but in
fact it isn’t.

12. Some Notes on The Onion Router:
1. Each Node from the 3 nodes can’t send to or receive from except the
previous node and the next node, also it can’t see the full circuit
ex: the Middle node can deal only with the Exit and Entry Node and
don’t know anything about the Sender or the Destination nodes.
2. Each connection between any two adjacent nodes is secured with a
unique ID for transferring, and no other nodes know about this ID.
3. The Packet is encrypted multiple times with a unique public key and its
corresponding private key is found at one of the nodes in the circuit.
4. If we want more security we can increase the number of the routing
nodes but it will cause more delay in the data transfer due to the more
encryption and decryption and connection creating.
The Advantages of TOR:
1. Tor is considered a strong security tool against surveillance
2. It’s the low latency anonymity network
3. Unlike Mix-Networks, the message doesn’t have to wait for more
messages
The Disadvantages of TOR:
1. It isn’t safe against end-to-end correlation (attacks at the boundaries of
Tor network) and manual traffic analysis.
2. It’s slow as the message is routed many times
3. Some ISP tries to search and block Tor relays
4. The Usage of TOR:
TOR enables users to surf the internet freely without any traffic analysis or
being afraid from surveillance. Users can chat or communicate anonymously
using Tor. But Tor is considered a double-edged weapon in which some
users use it in legal and illegal purposes.
A common question is asked, why someone needs to be anonymous on the
internet. The first thought that comes to mind that he is up to something illegal
or maybe he is paranoid about privacy, but you be wrong about that as Tor
helps many people for good and legal purposes.

13. The websites hosted by the Tor Servers (Tor nodes) are called (Hidden
Services) they can’t be accessed by the IP address or a normal address but
with an encrypted address called the onion address.
Who uses TOR (Legal Hidden Services)?
1. Normal people: uses it to protect their privacy from being monitored by
the companies, also to protect their private life issues from being
surveilled and sold!!!! Also protecting their daily movements from being
known. If this information are known, it may cause dangers for the family
members.
2. Journalists: who report sensitive information over the internet,
especially if this information could reveal the corruption of someone or
companies so their identity must be kept secret.
3. Law enforcement officers: when tracking illegal sites on the internet,
some officers are exposed to danger if their identities are known. So
they uses Tor in their operations.
4. Activists: uses Tor to hide their identities, so they can communicate
more secure without being monitored by the government. They used
Tor in wide range especially in the Arab Spring in the middle east, all
the Human Right organizations recommend Tor for the safety of the
activists.
5. Whistleblowers: as for the activist, also Whistleblowers uses Tor to
report their sensitive information, many of them are being pursued and
wanted by the governments so keeping their identities hidden is very
important.
6. Government organizations: uses Tor for their communications
especially between agents in different countries. So the agents can
report information safely without being
tracked or the information surveilled.
It is worth to be mentioned one of the most
famous Hidden Services in the Tor network
which is “WikiLeaks”. It’s an International
non-profit journalist’s organization that
publishes secret sensitive information,
classified media from anonymous users and

14. news leaks related to some countries that shows their corruption reveal the
truth about many missions.
Julian Paul Assange is an activist, computer programmer and a hacker who
hacked into the databases of many high profile organizations, and on October
2006, he started working on WikiLeaks a website that intended to collect and
share confidential leaked documents, and start to encourage more activists
all over the world to send more leaked documents using Tor that keep their
identities safe from the governments.
One of the famous leaks shared in the web site is the documents of (Iraq war
& Afghan war) in 2010. They released a U.S. military manual that provided
detailed information on the Guantanamo detention center and they were
referred to it with
“The largest leak of classified documents in the history”
Those leaks outraged the US and UK governments so they put Assange
under investigation and now he granted a political asylum by the Embassy of
the Ecuador in London.
These are examples of the Legal uses of the Tor network but on the other
hand some people have misused Tor for illegal purposes and releases what
is known by the Darknet
4.What is The Darknet?
The Darknet is a vast amount of Hidden Services or Websites which is related
to the criminal activities and all the illegal activities on the internet, Its Content
isn’t indexed by the search engines and can’t be accessible direct by their
addresses but they need special software such as Tor or some
configurations. Some of the users refer to the Tor Darknet with the
“OnionLand”.

15. What is the Content of the Darknet (Illegal Hidden Services)?
1. Black Markets: are markets to sell all
the illegal stuff such as: Drugs, Guns
and stolen stuff and so on, they have
made use of the anonymous tools to
build these markets such as Tor and Bitcoin, but the most interesting
about these black markets are about making reviews and ratings for the
items, the Most famous Black Market is (Silk Road).
2. Hacking Services: as Tor is hidding the identity of the
users, many hackers are using Tor for their attacks so
they can’t be identified, and where they offer their
services.
One of the famous Hacking groups is (Anonymous).
3. Fraud: like the black market, Tor is used for fraud activity and selling
stolen credit cards and bank accounts, also many websites that works
for scams and counterfeiting.
4. Hitmen for Hire: some murders offer to kill people using Tor so they
can keep their identities safe on these websites of the Darknet, some
may refer to this as (Assassination Market) where people offer money
for the assassination of someone.
5. Illegal Pornography: some websites include contents of child
pornography under the legal age of 18, also revenge porn, sexualized
torture. Some of these sites is full of harmful malwares.
6. Terrorism: some groups uses Tor to commit crimes and kill innocence
peoples such as (ISIS – Daesh), During the Onymous Operation one of
their websites has been seized and another one is hacked by the Group
(Anonymous) in November 2015 after the Paris
attacks.
7. Copyright Infragment: using some tools such as
Tor, BitTorrent and other peer-to-peer file sharing
tools, some users share copyrighted items such as
books, films, videos, and more other copyrighted
items.
The Most famous file sharing sites (The Pirate Bay)

16. 8. The Hidden Wikis: Its main page includes many links to many illegal
advertises such as drugs, guns, fraud, hiring murders, hacking services
but the most of them is child abuse advertises which raged many Hacking
groups such as: Anonymous and they said:
“It does not matter who you are, if we find you to be hosting,
promoting, or supporting child pornography, you will become a
target”
With the presence of anonymous tools such as Tor (for anonymous identity)
and Bitcoin (as an anonymous virtual currency), a black market becomes no
big deal where you can buy and sell without being tracked or known, but we
have to consider that Tor has its own legal usages to such as protecting
Journalists and activists who work to reveal the truth such as the news shared
by WikiLeaks, also for protecting users from surveillance and their privacy
from being monitored.
It isn’t the fault of Tor that the criminals are using it for their illegal purposes,
The story begins when the agencies all over the world are gathering
information about every citizen in their countries and working on mass
surveillance projects to gain control over the people.
“Now the criminals have the privacy and they became very powerful”
Some Comments about the Darknet:
1. Criminals can already do bad things. Since they're willing to break laws,
they already have lots of options available that provide better privacy
than Tor provides....
2. Tor aims to provide protection for ordinary people who want to follow
the law. Only criminals have privacy right now, and we need to fix that....

17. 6. The Internet, Deep Web and Darknet:
You must have heard about those terms and they seem to be confusing so
we are going to explain them in details:
1. The Internet: It’s the ordinary part accessible by everyone and indexed
by the search engines such as: Facebook and Wikipedia and other
websites, it may be called the Ordinary or the Surface Web too.
2. The Deep Web: It’s the part that can’t be accessible by searching as it
isn’t indexed by the search engines, and to access any site of it you
have to log on to it direct using its address such as: Academic
information and Bank databases, It’s very large for the search engines
to cover, and It’s larger than the internet too.
3. The Darknet: It’s a subset of the Deep Web which mean that it’s
unindexed by the search engines too so you can’t search for them using
Google or Bing or other search engines, but they differ from the Deep
Web as they need special configuration and authentication to gain
access to them, and they seem to be associated with criminal activities
such as: Hire-for-hit, Drugs, Fraud, Pornography and Gambling, and so
on.

18. 7. Attacks on TOR (Operation Onymous):
“TOR Stinks” was a headline in a classified slide deck in a leaked document
from the NSA by Edward Snowden, It also said:
“We will never be able to de-anonymize all Tor users all the
time” but on the other hand “With manual analysis we can de-
anonymize a very small fraction of Tor users”.
Some people claim that Tor isn’t safe especially after the recent attacks and
closure of some black markets such as: Silk Road and the arrest of their
Administrators, so Is it really safe to use Tor without being monitored?
In October 2013, after analyzing the leaked documents of the NSA by
Snowden, The Guardian reported that NSA tried many times to crack the Tor
network and failed due to its powerful security.
So How Websites as Silk Road are shut down? Before that we will talk first
about Operation Onymous:
It’s the largest attack that Tor has ever faced since its creation, it was led by
the US and European security agencies who worked hard to infiltrate the Tor
network and bring its black markets down, their main target was Silk Road.
It took about 2 years of investigation and gathering intel but finally the Attack
was very successful as in October 2013 The FBI had shut down the biggest
black market Silk Road and arrested its Administrator who is known as

19. “Dread Pirate Roberts” with real name “Ross William Ulbricht”. Ross fall due
to a mistake as he is using his e-mail address rossulbricht@gmail.com and
The FBI agents starts to link it with his Google+ and YouTube accounts and
his LinkedIn profile until they got many evidences, arrested him and was
sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole, the FBI described this
website as:
“The most sophisticated and extensive criminal marketplace
on the Internet today”
They have also seized over 400 Websites beside Silk Road such as: Hydra
and Cloud 9 and Other Sites which involved criminal activities such as money
laundering and fraud, also the attack has involved the arrest of 17
Administrators and seized millions of dollars in Bit coins beside drugs and
the illegal stuff.
The Question now, after this huge attack on the Tor network Is Tor really
make us anonymous? and How these sites are brought down?
The Law enforcement are very secretive about the way and tools they uses
in that attack as Troels Oerting who is the Head of the European Cybercrime
Centre EC3 said:
“This is something we want to keep for ourselves. The way
we do this, we can’t share with the whole world, because we want
to do it again and again and again”
No one until now know how did they cracked the Tor network but on the other
hand Tor’s developers gave some possibilities:
1. Poor Operation security: one of the most obvious explanation for the
success of the attack is the poor administration of the websites, most of
the Administrators was careless in hiding their identities, there are some
reports of one of the websites that has been infiltrated by undercover
agents such as (Silk Road)
2. SQL Injections: most of the websites are quickly coded but not well
coded, and many of them have many bugs which is a very big problem
this helps the attacker to gain information about the administrator.

20. 3. Bitcoin de-anonymization: Ivan Postogarov has recently worked on a
method for de-anonymizing the Bitcoin and get the traffic transactions
of the clients who uses it, although it need some requirements to
successfully track the clients but may be some clients have fallen
victims to this method.
Tor protects clients from being surveilled or monitored by the security
agencies and technology companies but if you are fool enough to give them
the identity information about yourself It isn’t TOR’s fault. As what happens
with (Ross Ulbricht) who uses his personal Gmail in Silk Road.
Tor’s developers thought that this attack starts by infiltration using
undercover agents in their hidden services who are gathering intel about the
owners of these Darknet websites so they can track them solely and manually
using another techniques of Eavesdropping
While Tor dose provide protection against traffic analysis but It can’t prevent
correlations at the boundaries of the TOR network, and here is some
Eavesdropping Techniques Used:
1. Autonomous System (AS) eavesdropping: if the routing of Tor is in
the same AS, the system can correlate the traffic between the entry and
the exit nodes so Tor has to avoid choosing the nodes in the same
Autonomous System.
2. Exiting Node eavesdropping: since the channel between the exit
node the destination doesn’t use encryption as SSL or TLS, attackers
can intercept this traffic and monitor the data transfer to know any
information about the data or the source
3. Traffic Analysis Attack: two researchers Murdoch and Danezis
presented an article in 2005 about traffic analysis techniques that allow
attacker with only partial knowledge of the network to guess the nodes
used in the Tor relays
4. Bad Apple Attack: this method consists of two parts the first is to
exploit an insecure application and the second part is to associate this
insecure application with another secure application to know the user’s
IP address, this name came from this sentence
“One bad apple spoils the bunch”

21. 5. Heartbleed Bug: It’s a security bug in the OpenSSL cryptography
library which is used in the TLS protocol, Tor project recommended that
Tor nodes and the Hidden Services administrators has to generate
fresh keys after patching OpenSSL.
And there are more another methods to eavesdropping the Tor network,
such as: Sniper Attack and some protocols expose the IP addresses
especially at the exit node.
But in spite of all those weaknesses in TOR, It still the most resilient and
classified as the one of the most hardest networks to be analyzed and
monitored by classic and normal softwares or normal techniques, and if you
are careful enough to not present any information that could lead to your
identity, Tor will keep you safe from being tracked and also many developers
works in Tor project to enhance its security and anonymous systems against
any attacks.
8. The References:
1. Wikipedia Articles:
1) Network Surveillance
2) PRISM (surveillance program)
3) Tor (anonymity)
4) Onion Routing
5) Mix-Networks
6) Dark Web
7) Silk Road
8) Operation Onymous
2. Videos:
1) How Tor Works - A Compute Cycle Deep Dive
2) Inside The Darknet ( Documentary 2014)
3) The Deep Web ( Documentary 2015)
4) The Tor Project, protecting online anonymity – Jacoub at TEDx
3. Books:
1) Network Security Illustrated - 2004 - (How Mix-Networks works)
4. Tor Project’s Website:
1) Who uses Tor
2) Thoughts and Concerns about Operation Onymous