The Function of Electric Power Systems

Faculty of Engineering - Shoubra
Benha University
Research Article
in fulfillment of the requirements of
Department Surveying Engineering Department
Division Second Year Surveying
Academic Year 2019/2020
Course name Electromechanical Engineering
Course code EPE/260
Electrical Part
“Topic (1): The Function of Electric Power System”
By:
Name Edu mail B. N
Ahmed Yasser Ahmed Mohamed Nassar ahmed170165@feng.bu.edu.eg 210018
Approved By:
Examiners committee Signature

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Table of contents
1. ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................3
2. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................3
3. GENERATORS.....................................................................................................5
3.1. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATORS .........................................5
3.2. RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATORS....................................................5
4. TRANSFORMERS................................................................................................6
5. DISTRIBUTION ...................................................................................................7
5.1. DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION...................................................................7
5.2. DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS ............................................................7
5.3. FEEDERS........................................................................................................7
5.4. DISTRIBUTOR CONDUCTORS ..................................................................7
5.5. SERVICE MAINS CONDUCTORS ..............................................................7
6. SUBSTATIONS ....................................................................................................8

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List of Figures (If any)
Figure I.D Description Page
1 Electric Power System 4
2 Transformer Diagram 6
3 Transformer 6
4 Distribution Power System 7
5 Insulators 9
6 Circuit Breaker 9
7 Lightning Arresters 9
8 Substation 9

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1. ABSTRACT
This Research Article speaks about electrical power systems which consist of three
main phases: generation, transmission, and distribution. generators produce electricity
from power sources at power plants. then power is delivered to customers through
transmissions which stepping power up or down According to the distance that the
energy travels. then power moves through distribution lines that carry electricity to
homes and businesses.
2. INTRODUCTION
Typically, electricity is provided to homes and industries as AC. The electrons do not
travel overhead along the power lines but vibrate in these lines 60 times per second.
The electricity outlet plugs in your home does not produce electrons, but energy. If an
appliance is attached, the outlet plugs provide the power for electrons to be moved
around a closed circuit which is already in the wire. The energy is supplied as voltage
to your home via a large, very complex distribution network. The energy is generated
in a power plant and transmitted to the consumer via a network of power lines. In
several steps, this is done. With a power voltage of several thousand volts, electricity
leaves the power station at very high levels. The voltage is increased to several
hundreds of thousand volts due to the loss of energy on high voltages at the overhead
power lines. The voltage is decreased again to several thousand volts before power is
distributed to industrial users. The voltage is decreased to 110 volts for home use. A
transformer is used every time the voltage is down. Transformers are devices that only
work with alternating current flows to either increase or decrease voltages.
Electric power systems (Figure 1) are real-time energy supply systems. Real-time
means that power is generated, transported, transmitted, and distributed now of
consumption. Electric power systems do not store electricity for the time of need as
water and gas systems. Instead, generators produce the energy needed by demand It

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transforms other sources of energy (Such as wind, mechanical, solar, chemical,
hydraulic, heat, geothermal, nuclear …etc.) into electrical power. Six main
components of the power system are the power stations, transformer, transmission
line, substations, distribution lines, distribution transformers. Also, there are many
other devices connected to the network such as circuit breakers, conductors, etc. The
system starts with a power plant generator where electrical energy is produced. Then
power station transformers transformed to high-voltage electrical energy that is more
suitable for efficient far distances transportation. High-voltage power lines in the
electric power transmission system efficiently transport electricity over long distances
to the distribution locations. Then substations transform the High-voltage electricity
into a lower-voltage, transmitted via distribution power lines to the destination of the
electricity distribution, then is transformed once again for urban, industrial, and
commercial uses. Failure to maintain the balance (lack of production, failures, bad
management) leads to a system unstable or, worse, a blackout with very serious
economic effects.
Figure 1: Electric Power System

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3. GENERATORS
Generators are based on the 1831 discovery by Faraday, which showed that moving a
magnet within a coil of wire can generate an electric current. Generators depend on the
magnetism, motors, and electricity connection. Generators produce a large amount of
current by an electromagnet which generated by electricity and a fast-spinning turbine.
standard generator includes a group of insulated cylindrical wire coils. rotary
electromagnet is inside the cylinder. As the magnet is rotating, it induces a slight
current in each portion of the wire coil. Every part of the wire coil then transforms into
a small, individual electrical conductor, and the tiny currents of each segment combine
to produce a single large current. then the resulting generated electricity is sent to the
user through power lines. All Generated electricity in a power plant is alternating
current (AC). but home electric current is direct current (DC).
There are two major types of electrical generators: non-renewable and renewable
energy generators.
3.1.NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATORS
Generators of Non-renewable energy sources include: Fossil fuel (coal, natural gas or
diesel.), maintaining nuclear reactions, and Hydroelectricity (from river-dams). In
power plants that use non-renewable sources, the burning of fuel generates heat. the
heat is used to create high-pressure, heated steam. A steam turbine pumps the steam
into the shaft to push a series of blades to rotate within a generator.
3.2.RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATORS
Continuously being replaced by nature, there are several different kinds of renewable
energy sources, including wind, wave, and hydroelectric power. Solar radiation can
also be used; no turbine or generator is involved in this type of power generation.

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4. TRANSFORMERS
Transformers (Figure 2) are electrical circuit devices used to change the voltage flow
through the circuit. Transformers can either be used to increase or decrease the
voltage. Energy is lost in the process of transmitting electricity long distances, such as
during the journey from a power plant to your home. power loss is inversely
proportional to voltage, so electrical utilities use high voltage in long-distance
transmission wires. This high voltage is too dangerous to be used at home. Electrical
utilities use transformers to change the voltage of electricity as it travels from the
power plant to homes. The power plant voltage is stepped up using the transformers
for long-distance transmission at the appropriate level. The voltage will be lowered
later before it enters home with transformers once again. The voltages need to be
increased before power is transmitted for great distances over power lines to the
electrical power distribution network to work. One big issue is power loss between the
power plant and users, because currents heat transmission lines with power. The
transmitted power on the line = voltage x current. The higher the voltage the lower the
flow, which is necessary to deliver the power within the transmission lines. Lower
currents cause significantly less heating and much less loss of power.
Figure 3: Transformer
Figure 2: Transformer Diagram

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5. DISTRIBUTION
the distribution station is placed near or within the city/town/industrial area. It receives
power from a transformer. The high voltage is decreased to the primary distribution
level voltage from the transmission line. The typically primary distribution volt is 11
kV but depending on the area or the consumer this can vary from 2.4 to 33 kV.
There is a standard distribution system consists of:
5.1.Distribution Substation
5.2.Distribution Transformers
The distribution transformer provides final transformation in the electric power
distribution system. It is a 3-phase step-down transformer. Distribution transformer
steps down to 400V/230V.
5.3.Feeders
A feeder is a conductor connecting the local sub-station to the area of power
distribution. normally the current stays the same in the feeder because the feeder does
not take tappings.
5.4.Distributor Conductors
5.5.Service Mains Conductors
It is a short cable links the distributor conductor to the consumer end at the nearest
pole.
Figure 4: Distribution Power System

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6. SUBSTATIONS
An electric substation is a subsidiary station for generation, transmission, and
distribution electrical systems where the voltage is transformed from high to low, vice
versa. power may be transmitted between the generator and the user by several
substations, and voltage is changed several times. A substation that has a step-up
transformer which increases voltage and decreases current while a step-down
transformer decreases voltage and increases the current for personal and commercial
usage. substations are required for all the power system operation. substations are
electrical equipment congregation through which customers receive electrical power
from Generation plants. The required electrical quantity can be changed in
substations, to offer quality power to consumers, by changing the voltage, frequency,
or other elements.
substations are classified into: Generation, Indoor, Outdoor, Pole-mounted, Switching,
Transmission, Converter, and Distribution substations. Substations usually have one or
more transformers with protection switching, and control devices. The circuit breakers
are used in a large substation to interrupt any short circuit or overload currents that
may happen on the system. For distribution circuits protection, smaller distribution
stations are using re-closer fuses or circuit breakers. Substations do not usually have
generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby.
The substation consists of the following major electrical devices: Electrical Power
Transformers, Instrument transformers, Conductors & Insulators, Isolators, Bus bars,
Lightning arresters, Circuit breakers, Relays, Capacitor banks and miscellaneous
equipment, power factor correction capacitor, voltage regulators.

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Figure 5: Insulators Figure 6: Circuit Breaker Figure 7: Lightning Arresters
Figure 8: Substation

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References
Blume, Steven Warren. Electric Power System Basics for the Nonelectrical Professional. IEEE
Press, Wiley, 2017.
El-Hawary, M. E. Introduction to Electrical Power Systems. Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
“Electric Power Delivery System.” Windows to the Universe,
windows2universe.org/physical_science/physics/electricity/power_system_generator_to_homes.h
tml.
“Electrical Power System Components.” Electrical Academia, 7 July 2018,
electricalacademia.com/electric-power/electrical-power-system-components/.
Meier, Alexandra Von. Electric Power Systems: a Conceptual Introduction. Hoboken, N.J. : IEEE
Press : Wiley-Interscience, 2006.
Moursalou, et al. “What Is Power System? Definition & Structure of Power System.” Circuit Globe,
13 Dec. 2016, circuitglobe.com/power-system.html.
Schavemaker, Pieter, and Lou Van der Sluis. Electrical Power System Essentials. Wiley Blackwell,
2017.

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