2. MEANING
The business cycle is the upward and
downward movements of levels of GDP
(gross domestic product) and refers to the
period of expansions and contractions in the
level of economic activities (business
fluctuations) around its long-term growth
trend.
4. 1. Prosperity Phase
When there is an expansion of output, income,
employment, prices and profits, there is also
a rise in the standard of living. This period is
termed as Prosperity phase.
The features of prosperity are :-
High level of output and trade.
High level of effective demand.
High level of income and employment.
Rising interest rates.
Inflation.
Large expansion of bank credit.
5. 2. Recession Phase
The turning point from prosperity to depression is termed as
Recession Phase.
During a recession period, the economic activities slow down.
When demand starts falling, the production and future
investment plans are also given up.
3. Depression Phase
When there is a continuous decrease of output, income,
employment, prices and profits, there is a fall in the standard
of living and depression sets in.
The features of depression are :-
Fall in volume of output and trade.
Fall in income and rise in unemployment.
Decline in consumption and demand.
Fall in interest rate.
Deflation.
Contraction of bank credit.
6. 4. Recovery Phase
The turning point from depression to
expansion is termed as Recovery or
Revival Phase.
FACTORS THAT SHAPE BUSINESS
CYCLES
Volatility of Investment Spending
Technological Innovations
Variations in Inventories
Fluctuations in Government Spending
Fluctuations in Exports and Imports
Monetary Policies
7. KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS CYCLE
MANAGEMENT
Flexibility
Long-term Planning
Attention to Customers
Objectivity
9. MEANING
It is the process by which organizations
monitor their relevant environment to identify
opportunities available and threats affecting
their business.
Charactristics of Environmental scanning:
Continuous process
Exploratory process
Holistic exercise
10. Factors affecting Environmental scanning
Strategy related factors
Environmental Factors
Organizational factors
Need for Environmental Scanning
To develop the broad strategies and to make the
long term policies of the firm
To understand the transformation of industry
environment
To make one aware of environment organization
linkage
To anticipate the present and future threats and
opportunities for an organization
To keep oneself dynamic in the management of
the organization
11. STEPS FOR ENVIRONMENT SCANNING
Developing groundwork for scanning
Estimating future business
Comparing actual with projected results
Refining the scanning