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1. IoT Based Smart Energy Grid
ABSTRACT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly emerging field of technologies that delivers numerous cutting-
edge solutions in various domains including the critical infrastructures. Thanks to the IoT, the
conventional power system network can be transformed into an effective and smarter energy grid. In
this article, we review the architecture and functionalities of IoT-enabled smart energy grid systems.
Specifically, we focus on different IoT technologies including sensing, communication, computing
technologies, and their standards in relation to smart energy grid. This article also presents a
comprehensive overview of existing studies on IoT applications to the smart grid system. Based on
recent surveys and literature, we observe that the security vulnerabilities related to IoT technologies
have been attributed as one of the major concerns of IoT-enabled energy systems. Therefore,we review
the existing threat and attack models for IoT-enabled energy systems and summarize mitigation
techniques for those security vulnerabilities. Finally, we highlight how advanced technologies (e.g.,
blockchain, machine learning, and artificial intelligence) can complement IoT-enabled energy systems
to be more resilient and secure and overcome the existing difficulties so that they become more
effective, robust, and reliable in operation. Precisely, this article will help understand the framework
for IoT-enabled smart energy system, associated security vulnerabilities, and prospects of advanced
technologies to improve the effectiveness of smart energy systems.
INTRODUCTION
Electricity is considered to be the heart of modern social and economic development. Advances
in technology tempted us to use electricity-driven elements in every aspect of our life from
commercial to domestic sector for shaping our lives to be more comfortable. However new
challenges have arisen where further investigation is necessary on how to manage the supply-
demand balance of electricity more effectively, securely and reliably along with ensuring a
coordinated multi-way communication for better monitoring and control of the network and
user assets. Faster, fuel-efficient and eco-friendly electric transport and smart home setup have
become more available and affordable. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly emerging field
of technologies that delivers numerous cutting-edge solutions in various application domains.
IoT can resolve those unavoidable challenges by transforming conventional energy grids into
modernized Smart Energy Grid system. The IoT-based Smart Energy Grid system equipped
with intelligent two-way data communication can significantly improve the operation and
control of the traditional energy grid system. These improvements address the reliability,
flexibility, efficiency of the conventional grid system. In a smart grid environment, the system
must provide services including the large-scale integration of distributed renewable energy
resources, establishment of live, real-time data communication between consumers and service
providers regarding tariff information and energy consumption, facility to collect and transfer
statistics of system parameters for analysis and infrastructure to implement necessary actions
based on those analyses. Smart Energy grid generates immense data and information that needs
to be transferred, processed and stored for intelligent decision making and processing. In this

2. situation, the IoT has appeared to be an empowering set of technologies for the smart energy
grid system with substantial perspective due to its multi-dimensional advantages in various
sectors. The IoT integration introduces extra precision and competence by the means of
intelligent and proactive features and converts the traditional legacy power grid into an efficient
smart energy grid. The big challenges of conventional power grid system are related to the
power quality and reliability, which can be resolved with the assistance of Internet of Things
(IoT) by providing enhanced management of these challenges. Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) assisted with Smart Metering (SM) technologies can facilitate the
transformation of conventional power grid system to a smart grid system by introducing
intelligent information processing features during the electricity flow between the service
provider and consumers. The IoT delivers great prospective for improving and governing
energy consumption through the incorporation of sensing and actuation systems in the AMI.
This integrated system gathers a huge amount of data and information regarding different
aspects of the grid system such as energy consumption, voltage reading, current reading, phase
measurement, etc. The cutting-edge technologies of IoT can trim down those huge data,
transmit and process those data in an intelligent manner to achieve effective management of
the energy grid system. IoT technologies can bring significant impacts in numerous field of
Smart Energy grid System that includes power generation infrastructure management, SCADA
connected system for managing transmission and distribution operation, advanced metering
infrastructure, carbon footprint and environmental monitoring, smart home and smart building
system and so on. Fog computing based advanced edge computing technology can ensure a
local monitoring and control of distributed energy resources and may provide solutions to the
cyber vulnerabilities of the traditional centralized SCADA system. The smart home and smart
building integrate sensing, data storage, network adaptability, and computing abilities into a
household or building elements such as bulb, power outlet, air conditioner, door, window, gas
& smoke detector etc. As a result, these elements can be connected in a network via which they
can be accessed and controlled from a remote location over the internet. Although IoT has
enabled a much improved and efficient energy system monitoring and operation, the
deployment of IoT technology also poses some challenges. For example, within IoT
framework, cyber-adversaries can initiate cyber-attacks which can bring severe damage like a
significant power outage, social security threats, and massive business loss for the utility
providers and less severe damages like localize outage or physical damage on consumer end
devices. IoT based security vulnerabilities include manipulating energy data analysis, energy
theft, interrupting the process of transactive energy system and energy market. Potential
technologies such as blockchain mechanism, machine learning and artificial intelligence, can
be used to encounter those challenges as well as operate the Smart Energy Grid system more
efficiently.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

3. Figure – Block diagram of IoT based smart energy grid
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
Hardware Specifications
• ATmega328P AVR MC
• Optocoupler
• Current Sensor
• Energy Meter
• ESP8266 WIFI Module
• LCD
• Crystal Oscillator
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Transistors
• Cables & Connectors

4. • Diodes
• PCB
• LED
• Transformer/Adapter
• Push Button
• Load (Lamps)
Software Specifications
• IoT Gecko
• Arduino Compiler
• MC Programming Language: C
Components Operations/Functions
• ATmega328P AVR MC:
ATmega328P is a high performance yet low power consumption 8-bit AVR microcontroller
that's able to achieve the most single clock cycle execution of 131 powerful instructions thanks
to its advanced RISC architecture. It can commonly be found as a processor in Arduino boards
such as Arduino Fio and Arduino Uno.
• Optocoupler:
An Optocoupler effectively isolates an output and input circuit. This device basically works
like a switch, connecting two isolated circuits on your PCB. When current stops flowing
through the LED, the photosensitive device also stops conducting and turns off.

5. • Current Sensor:
These current sensor ICs are in high volume production in many industrial applications such
as motor control, smart meters, 2-wheelers, robotics, building automation or power tools, and
in various places in today's cars.
• Energy Meter:
Energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed. The most
common unit of measurement on the electricity measurement is the kilowatt hour [kWh], which
is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt hour over a period of one hour.

6. • ESP8266 WIFI Module:
The ESP8266 WIFI Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that
can give any microcontroller access to your WIFI network. The ESP8266 is capable of either
hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another
application processor.
• LCD:
liquid crystal display (LCD) has liquid crystal material sandwiched between two sheets of
glass. Without any voltage applied between transparent electrodes, liquid crystal molecules are
aligned in parallel with the glass surface.
• Crystal Oscillator:
Crystal oscillators operate on the principle of inverse piezoelectric effect in which an
alternating voltage applied across the crystal surfaces causes it to vibrate at its natural
frequency. It is these vibrations which eventually get converted into oscillations.

7. • Resistors:
The resistor absorbs the electrical energy in the process where it acts as a hindrance to the flow
of electricity by reducing the voltage, and it is dissipated as heat. In today's world of electronic
circuits, the heat dissipation is typically a fraction of a watt.
• Capacitors:
capacitor is a device that is used to store charges in an electrical circuit. A capacitor works on
the principle that the capacitance of a conductor increases appreciably when an earthed
conductor is brought near it. Hence, a capacitor has two plates separated by a distance having
equal and opposite charges.
• Transistors:
transistor is that it lets you control the flow of current through one channel by varying the
intensity of a much smaller current that's flowing through a second channel. A transistor is a
semiconductor device with three terminals, capable of amplification and rectification.

8. • Cables & Connectors:
Cables: Electrical cables work by providing a low resistance path for the current to flow
through. Electrical cables consist of a core of metal wire offering good conductivity such as
copper or aluminium, along with other material layers including insulation, tapes, screens,
armouring for mechanical protection, and sheathing
Connectors: They can be used to join multiple conductors, to connect wires to a printed circuit
board, or to terminate a cable into a plug or socket.
• Diodes:
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction
(called the diode's forward direction), while blocking it in the opposite direction (the
reverse direction).

9. • PCB:
PCB is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using
conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conductive substrate.
• LEDs:
LEDs work on the principle of Electroluminescence. On passing a current through the diode,
minority charge carriers and majority charge carriers recombine at the junction. On
recombination, energy is released in the form of photons.

10. • Transformer/Adapter:
The core of the transformer works to direct the path of the magnetic field between the primary
and secondary coils to prevent wasted energy. Once the magnetic field reaches the secondary
coil, it forces the electrons within it to move, creating an electric current via
electromotive force (EMF).
• Push Button:
It switches function in the same way. Pressure is placed on the button or actuator, resulting in
the depression of the internal spring and contacts and the touching of stable contacts at the
bottom of the switch.

11. • Load (Lamps):
Lifting device or accessory can exert to lift, suspend, or lower, a given mass without
fear of breaking.