1. Akashdeep Singh Jandu

2. Environmental Problems
Theory of Environmental
Policy
Environmental Policy in India

12. Developed Countries Tried to Put Blame on Developing Countries in
Terms
Population Growth and Poverty
Developing Countries Tried to Put Blame for Environmental Degradation
On Developed Countries
Because of
Affluence or Energy Intensive Consumption Patterns

16.  Externality Problem
 Market Based (Ex-ante) Instruments
 Emission Charges or Taxes
 Deposit-refund Systems
 Marketable or Tradable Emission Permits
 Output Taxes; and
 Performance Bonds and No-compliance Fees
 Reducing Government Subsidies

17.  Command and Control Regulation: Standards
 Criteria for choosing among environmental Policy
Instruments
 Environmental Effectiveness
 Static Efficiency
 Dynamic incentives
 Flexibility
 Monitoring and Enforcement
 Equity; and
 Acceptability
 Bargaining Solutions: Coase theorem
 Liability (Ex-post)
 Information Programmes

18.  Introduction
 UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972
 The Water Act of 1974 (Amendment, 1988)
 The Constitution of India (42nd Amendment,
1976)
 The Air Act of 1981 (Amendment, 1987)
 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984
 The Environmental Protection Act of 1986
 The Environmental Protection Rules of 1986
 The Product Liability Insurance Act of 1991

19.  The UN Conference on Environment and Development
(Earth Summit), 1992 (Rio)
 Agenda 21
 Precautionary Principle (15)
 Polluter Pays Principle (16)
 The Earth Summit, 2002