This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed. Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.

1. SEMINAR REPORT
EVOLUTION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES
Submitted for the partial fulfillment of award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)
2016 – 2017
Submitted to: Submitted by:
ECE Department Akhil Bansal (13/105)

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Akhil Bansal (13/105) of Electronics &
Communication Engineering, Final Year has submitted his seminar report
on “Evolution of Mobile Technologies” under the guidance of
Electronics & Communication Engineering Department. This seminar
report is for partial fulfillment of his B.Tech course from Rajasthan
Technical University, Kota.
Dr. Lokesh Tharani
(Seminar Mentor)

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my immense gratitude to all those who have
directly or indirectly helped me in completing my seminar on “Evolution
of Mobile Technologies”. I would like to thank them for their effective
guidance & kind cooperation without which I would not have been able to
introduce a good presentation and complete this seminar report. I would
like to thank the faculty members of Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering for their permission grant, constant
reminders and much needed motivation, which helped me to extract
maximum knowledge from the available sources. Lastly, sincere thanks to
my family members and all my friends for their coordination in
completion of this seminar report.
AKHIL BANSAL
13/105
B.Tech (Final Year)

4. ABSTRACT
Mobile communication systems revolutionized the way people
communicate. Evolution of wireless access technologies is about to reach
its fourth generation (4G) and the 5G mobile networks will focus on the
development of the user terminals where the terminals will have access to
different wireless technologies at the same time and will combine different
flows from different technologies. Looking past, wireless access
technologies have followed different evolutionary paths aimed at unified
target related to performance and efficiency in high mobile environment.
The first generation (1G) has fulfilled the basic mobile voice, while the
second generation (2G) has introduced capacity and coverage. This is
followed by the third generation (3G), which has quest for data at higher
speeds to open the gates for truly “mobile broadband” experience, which
was further realized by the fourth generation (4G).The Fourth generation
(4G) provides access to wide range of telecommunication services,
including advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed
networks, which are increasingly packet based, along with a support for
low to high mobility applications and wide range of data rates, in
accordance with service demands in multiuser environment. Fifth
generation should be more intelligent technology that interconnects the
entire world.
This article provides a high level overview of the Long Term Evolution
(LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)-
the leading technologies for next-generation mobile broadband.

5. Contents
S. No. Chapter Name Page No .
1. Introduction 1
2. 1G established the foundation of mobile 3
3. 2G technology increased voice capacity 5
4. 3G evolved mobile for data 9
5. 4G LTE complements 3G to boost data capacity 11
6. 5G with super speed internet 22
7. Qualcomm: Processors and Modem 27
8. Conclusion 31
9. Bibliography 32

6. Chapter 1
Introduction
The cellular wireless generation (G) generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the
service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology, and new frequency bands. New
generations have appeared in every ten years, since the first move from 1981-An analog (1G) to
analog (2G) network. After that there was (3G) multimedia support, spread spectrum transmission
and 2011 all –IP Switched networks (4G) comes. The last few years have witnessed a phenomenal
growth in the wireless industry, both in terms of mobile technology and its subscribers. There has
been a clear shift from fixed to mobile cellular telephony, especially since the turn of the century.
By the end of 2010, there were over four times more mobile cellular subscriptions than fixed
telephone lines. Both the mobile network operators and vendors have felt the importance of
efficient networks with equally efficient design. This resulted in Network Planning and
optimization related services coming in to sharp focus [1]. Next generation mobile networks,
commonly referred to as 4G, and are envisaged as a multitude of heterogeneous systems interacting
through a horizontal IP-centric architecture [2]. The 5G core is to be a Re-configurable, Multi-
Technology Core. The core could be a convergence of new technologies such as Nanotechnology,
Cloud Computing and Cognitive Radio, and based on All IP Platform. These new technologies and
the above mentioned requirements pose the several challenges toward 5G development [3].
Mobile Cellular Network evolution has been categorized in to ‘generations’ as:
1

7. The first handheld mobile cell phone was demonstrated by Motorola in 1973.The 1st commercial
automated cellular network was launched by NTT in Japan in 1979, followed by the launch of
Nordic Mobile Telephone(NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, in 1981.After
this begins the development in generations for mobile wireless communication.
Generation 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Year 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010s 2015 onwards
Speed 2.4Kbps 64Kbps 2Mbps 200Mbps to
1Gbps
>1 Gbps
Technology Analog Cellular Digital Cellular Broadband
CDMA, IP
Unified IP
& seamless
combination
of broadband
LAN, WAN,
WLAN, PAN
4G+WWWW
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA,CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA
Core
Network
PSTN PSTN and
Packet network
Packet Network Internet Internet
2

8. Chapter 2
1G established the foundation of Mobile
First-generation mobile systems used analog transmission for speech services. In 1979, the first
cellular system in the world became operational by Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT) in
Tokyo, Japan. Two years later, the cellular epoch reached Europe. In the United States, the
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was launched in 1982. The two most popular analogue
systems were Nordic Mobile Telephones (NMT) and Total Access Communication Systems
(TACS). The system was allocated a 40-MHz bandwidth within the 800 to 900 MHz frequency
range by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for AMPS. In fact, the smallest reuse
factor that would fulfill the 18db signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) using 120-degree directional
antennas was found to be 7. Hence, a 7-cell reuse pattern was adopted for AMPS. Transmissions
from the base stations to mobiles occur over the forward channel using frequencies between 869-
894 MHz. The reverse channel is used for transmissions from mobiles to base station, using
frequencies between 824-849 MHz. AMPS and TACS use the frequency modulation (FM)
technique for radio transmission. Traffic is multiplexed onto an FDMA (frequency division multiple
access) system [3, 5].
2.1 AMPS Technology
AMPS is a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate frequencies, or "channels", for
each conversation (see Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)). It therefore required
considerable bandwidth for a large number of users. In general terms, AMPS was very similar to the
older "0G" Improved Mobile Telephone Service, but used considerably more computing power in
order to select frequencies, hand off conversations to PSTN lines, and handle billing and call setup.
What really separated AMPS from older systems is the "back end" call setup functionality. In
AMPS, the cell centres could flexibly assign channels to handsets based on signal strength,
allowing the same frequency to be re-used in various locations without interference. This allowed a
larger number of phones to be supported over a geographical area. AMPS pioneers coined the term
"cellular" because of its use of small hexagonal "cells" within a system.
AMPS suffered from many weaknesses compared to today's digital technologies. As an analog
standard, it was susceptible to static and noise, and there was no protection from 'eavesdropping'
using a scanner.
3

9. 2.2 Licensed Spectrum
Cleared spectrum for exclusive use by mobile technologies. Operator-deployed base stations provide
access for subscribers.
2.3 Frequency Reuse
Reusing frequencies without interference through geographical separation. Neighbouring cells operate
on different frequencies to avoid interference.
2.4 Mobile Network
Integrated, transparent backhaul network provides seamless access.
4
PSTN

10. Chapter 3
2 G technology increased voice capacity
The second generation wireless mobile communication system is a digital technology introduced in
late 1980s. It uses digital signals for voice transmission and has a speed of 64kbps.The
bandwidth of 2G is 30-200KHz. 2G provides services such as short message services(SMS),
picture messages and multimedia message services(MMS).
It uses digital modulation schemes such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA). TDMA allows division of signals into time slots. CDMA
provides each user with a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel.
TDMA technologies like GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136 and CDMA technology like IS-95 are
used.
1010110100111000
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is the most widely used 2G mobile standard.2G
was commercially launched on GSM standard in Finland, in 1991.GSM technology was the first
one to support international roaming. This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone
connections in different countries of the world with better quality and capacity.
3.1 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Digital transmissions enable compressed voice and multiplexing multiple users per channel. Allows multiple
users per radio channel with each user talking one at a time.
5
A B C
time
30 kHz
> 1 users per radio channel
More Voice Capacity

11. 3.2 Standardized 2G TDMA techniques
Only one user per radio channel
30 kHz
Mobile 1G (Analog)
AMPS, NMT, TACS
A B C A B C
30 kHz Threeusers per radio channel
Mobile 2G (Digital)
D-AMPS
A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H
200 kHz
Eight users per radio channel
Mobile 2G (Digital)
GSM
3.3 GSM Architecture
A GSM network comprises of many functional units. These functions and interfaces are explained
in this chapter. The GSM network can be broadly divided into:
 The Mobile Station (MS)
 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
6
User A

12. GSM Architecture
3.3.1GSM networkareas
In a GSM network, the following areas are defined:
 Cell : Cell is the basic service area; one BTS covers one cell. Each cell is given a Cell
Global Identity (CGI), a number that uniquely identifies the cell.
 Location Area : A group of cells form a Location Area (LA). This is the area that is paged
when a subscriber gets an incoming call. Each LA is assigned a Location Area Identity
(LAI). Each LA is served by one or more BSCs.
 MSC/VLR Service Area : The area covered by one MSC is called the MSC/VLR service
area.
 PLMN : The area covered by one network operator is called the Public Land Mobile
Network (PLMN). A PLMN can contain one or more MSCs.
3.4 GPRS (2.5 G) Technology
2.5G lies between 2G and 3G technologies. In addition with circuit switched domain of 2G system,
2.5G implements a packet switched domain, and provides a data rate of 144kbps.2G used
technologies such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates in
GSM Environment).
7

13. GPRS provides packet switching protocols, short setup time for ISP connections and the
possibility to charge the subscriber according to the amount of data sent rather than connection
time. GPRS supports flexible data transmission rates and provides continuous connection with
the network. GPRS is the significant step towards 3G.
GPRS Architecture
8

14. Chapter 4
3 G evolved Mobile for Data
The third generation wireless mobile communication system was introduced in 2000.The goal of
3G systems was to offer increased data rates from 144kbps to 384kbps in wide coverage areas and
2Mbps in local coverage areas.3G offers advanced services to the users as compared to 1G and
2G.Along with voice communication it includes data services, access to TV/videos, Web
browsing, e-mail, video conferencing, paging, fax and navigational maps. It has a bandwidth of
15-20MHz used for high speed internet, video chatting, etc.
A 3G mobile system was defined by an organization called 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP) which fulfils the IMT-2000 standards. It was called as UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System) in Europe, which is TSI driven. IMT 2000 is the ITU-T name for
the third generation system, while CDMA2000 is the name of American 3G variant. Also the
IMT2000 has accepted a new 3G standard from China, i.e. TD-SCDMA. WCDMA is the air-
interface technology for UMTS. The first commercial 3G network was launched by NTT Do co
mo in Japan, in 2001.
WCDMA Network Design
4.1 CDMA 2000
CDMA2000 (also known as C2K or IMT Multi-Carrier (IMT-MC)) is a family of 3G mobile
technology standards for sending voice, data, and signalling data between mobile phones and cell
sites. It is developed by 3GPP2 as a backwards-compatible successor to second
generation cdmaOne (IS-95) set of standards and used especially in North America and South
Korea.
9

15. CDMA2000 compares to UMTS, a competing set of 3G standards, which is developed
by 3GPP and used in Europe, Japan, and China.
The name CDMA2000 denotes a family of standards that represent the successive, evolutionary
stages of the underlying technology. These are:
 Voice: CDMA2000 1xRTT, 1X Advanced
 Data: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized)
All are approved radio interfaces for the ITU's IMT-2000. In the United States, CDMA2000 is a
registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-USA).
4.1.1 1xRTT, 1X Advanced
CDMA2000 1X (IS-2000), also known as 1x and 1xRTT, is the core CDMA2000 wireless air
interface standard. The designation "1x", meaning 1 times Radio Transmission Technology,
indicates the same radio frequency (RF) bandwidth as IS-95: a duplex pair of 1.25 MHz radio
channels. 1xRTT almost doubles the capacity of IS-95 by adding 64 more traffic channels to
the forward link, orthogonal to (in quadrature with) the original set of 64. The 1X standard supports
packet data speeds of up to 153 kbps with real world data transmission averaging 80–100 kbps in
most commercial applications.IMT-2000 also made changes to the data link layer for greater use of
data services, including medium and link access control protocols and QoS. The IS-95 data link
layer only provided "best efforts delivery" for data and circuit switched channel for voice (i.e., a
voice frame once every 20 ms).
4.1.2 1x EV-DO
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized), often abbreviated as EV-DO or EV, is
a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically
for broadband Internet access. It uses multiplexing techniques including code division multiple
access (CDMA) as well as time division multiple access (TDMA) to maximize both individual
user's throughput and the overall system throughput. It is standardized by 3rd Generation
Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards and has been adopted
by many mobile phone service providers around the world – particularly those previously
employing CDMA networks.
10

16. Chapter 5
4G LTE complements 3G to boost data capacity
The main goal of 4G technology is to provide high speed, high quality, high capacity, security
and low cost services for voice and data services, multimedia and internet over IP. The reason
for the transition to all IP is to have a common platform to all the technologies developed so far.
It has the capability 100Mbps and 1Gbps .To use 4G mobile network , multimode user
terminals should be able to select the target wireless system. To provide wireless services
anytime and anywhere, terminal mobility is a key factor in 4G.Terminal mobility implies
automatic roaming between different wireless networks.
4 G Network Architecture
The 4G technology integrate different existing and future wireless technologies (e.g. OFDM,
MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA and Network-LMDS) to provide freedom of movement and
uninterrupted roaming from one technology to another.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Wireless Interoperability for Microwave
Access) are considered as 4G technologies. The first successful field trial for 4G was conducted
in Japan, in 2005.
11

17. 5.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of encoding digital data on
multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM has developed into a popular scheme for wideband digital
communication, used in applications such as digital television and audio broadcasting, DSL Internet
access, wireless networks, powerline networks, and 4G mobile communications.
OFDM is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-
carrier modulation method. A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are
used to carry data on several parallel data streams or channels. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a
conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift
keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-
carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with
severe channel conditions (for example, attenuation of high frequencies in a long copper wire,
narrowband interference and frequency-selective fading due to multipath) without complex
equalization filters. Channel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using
many slowly modulated narrowband signals rather than one rapidly modulated wideband signal.
The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it
possible to eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) and utilize echoes and time-spreading (on
analogue TV these are visible as ghosting and blurring, respectively) to achieve a diversity gain, i.e.
a signal-to-noise ratio improvement. This mechanism also facilitates the design of single frequency
networks (SFNs), where several adjacent transmitters send the same signal simultaneously at the
same frequency, as the signals from multiple distant transmitters may be combined constructively,
rather than interfering as would typically occur in a traditional single-carrier system.
5.1.1 Orthogonality
Conceptually, OFDM is a specialized FDM, the additional constraint being that all carrier signals
are orthogonal to one another.
In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the sub-carriers are orthogonal to each
other, meaning that cross-talk between the sub-channels is eliminated and inter-carrier guard
bands are not required. This greatly simplifies the design of both the transmitter and
the receiver; unlike conventional FDM, a separate filter for each sub-channel is not required.
12

18. 5.1.2 Idealized System Model
This section describes a simple idealized OFDM system model suitable for a time invariant AWGN
channel.
Transmitter
An OFDM carrier signal is the sum of a number of orthogonal sub-carriers, with baseband data on
each sub-carrier being independently modulated commonly using some type of quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM) or phase-shift keying (PSK). This composite baseband signal is
typically used to modulate a main RF carrier.
s[n] is a serial stream of binary digits. By inverse multiplexing, these are first demultiplexed
into parallel streams, and each one mapped to a (possibly complex) symbol stream using some
modulation constellation (QAM, PSK, etc.). Note that the constellations may be different, so some
streams may carry a higher bit-rate than others.
An inverse FFT is computed on each set of symbols, giving a set of complex time-domain samples.
These samples are then quadrature-mixed to pass band in the standard way. The real and imaginary
components are first converted to the analogue domain using digital-to-analogue
converters (DACs); the analogue signals are then used to modulate cosine and sine waves at
the carrier frequency, Fc, respectively. These signals are then summed to give the transmission
signal, .
13

19. Receiver
The receiver picks up the signal r(t), which is then quadrature-mixed down to baseband using cosine
and sine waves at the carrier frequency. This also creates signals centered on 2Fc, so low-pass
filters are used to reject these. The baseband signals are then sampled and digitised using analog-to-
digital converters (ADCs), and a forward FFT is used to convert back to the frequency domain.
This returns N parallel streams, each of which is converted to a binary stream using an appropriate
symbol detector. These streams are then re-combined into a serial stream, s(n), which is an estimate
of the original binary stream at the transmitter.
5.2 LTE (Long Term Evolution)
In telecommunication, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for high-
speed wireless communication for mobile phones and data terminals, based on
the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. It increases the capacity and speed using a
different radio interface together with core network improvements. The standard is developed by
the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series,
with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is the upgrade path for carriers with both
GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. The different LTE frequencies and bands used in
different countries mean that only multi-band phones are able to use LTE in all countries where it is
supported.
14

20. LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it does not meet the technical criteria of a 4G wireless
service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series, for LTE Advanced. The
requirements were originally set forth by the ITU-R organization in the IMT
Advanced specification. However, due to marketing pressures and the significant advancements
that WiMAX, Evolved High Speed Packet Access and LTE bring to the original 3G technologies,
ITU later decided that LTE together with the aforementioned technologies can be called 4G
technologies. The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements to be
considered IMT-Advanced.
To differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has
defined them as "True 4G".
The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbps, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbps
and QoS provisions permitting a transfer latency of less than 5 ms in the radio access network. LTE
has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE
supports scalable carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz and supports both frequency
division duplexing (FDD) and time-division duplexing (TDD). The IP-based network architecture,
called the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) designed to replace the GPRS Core Network, supports
seamless handovers for both voice and data to cell towers with older network technology such
as GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000.The simpler architecture results in lower operating costs (for
example, each E-UTRA cell will support up to four times the data and voice capacity supported by
HSPA).
5.3 LTE Architecture
Much of the LTE standard addresses the upgrading of 3G UMTS to what will eventually
be 4G mobile communications technology. A large amount of the work is aimed at simplifying the
architecture of the system, as it transitions from the existing UMTS circuit + packet
switching combined network, to an all-IP flat architecture system. E-UTRA is the air interface of
LTE.
15

21. The high-level network architecture of LTE is comprised of following three main components:
 The User Equipment (UE).
 The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN).
 The Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
The evolved packet core communicates with packet data networks in the outside world such as the
internet, private corporate networks or the IP multimedia subsystem. The interfaces between the
different parts of the system are denoted Uu, S1 and SGi.
5.3.1TheUserEquipment(UE)
The internal architecture of the user equipment for LTE is identical to the one used by UMTS and
GSM which is actually a Mobile Equipment (ME). The mobile equipment comprised of the
following important modules:
 Mobile Termination (MT) : This handles all the communication functions.
 Terminal Equipment (TE) : This terminates the data streams.
 Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) : This is also known as the SIM card for LTE
equipments. It runs an application known as the Universal Subscriber Identity Module
(USIM).
A USIM stores user-specific data very similar to 3G SIM card. This keeps information about the
user's phone number, home network identity and security keys etc.
5.3.2TheE-UTRAN(Theaccessnetwork)
The E-UTRAN handles the radio communications between the mobile and the evolved packet core
and just has one component, the evolved base stations, called eNodeB or eNB. Each eNB is a base
station that controls the mobiles in one or more cells. The base station that is communicating with
a mobile is known as its serving eNB.
16

22. The architecture of evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) has been
illustrated below:
LTE Mobile communicates with just one base station and one cell at a time and there are following
two main functions supported by eNB:
 The eNB sends and receives radio transmissions to all the mobiles using the analog and
digital signal processing functions of the LTE air interface.
 The eNB controls the low-level operation of all its mobiles, by sending them signalling
messages such as handover commands.
Each eNB connects with the EPC by means of the S1 interface and it can also be connected to
nearby base stations by the X2 interface, which is mainly used for signalling and packet
forwarding during handover.
A Home eNB (HeNB) is a base station that has been purchased by a user to provide femtocell
coverage within the home. A home eNB belongs to a closed subscriber group (CSG) and can only
be accessed by mobiles with a USIM that also belongs to the closed subscriber group.
17

23. 5.3.3 TheEvolvedPacketCore(EPC) (Thecorenetwork)
The architecture of Evolved Packet Core (EPC) has been illustrated below. There are few more
components which have not been shown in the diagram to keep it simple. These components are
like the Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS), the Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
and Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF).
Below is a brief description of each of the components shown in the above architecture:
 The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) component has been carried forward from UMTS
and GSM and is a central database that contains information about all the network
operator's subscribers.
 The Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) communicates with the outside
world ie. packet data networks PDN, using SGi interface. Each packet data network is
identified by an access point name (APN). The PDN gateway has the same role as the
GPRS support node (GGSN) and the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) with UMTS and
GSM.
 The serving gateway (S-GW) acts as a router, and forwards data between the base station
and the PDN gateway.
18

24.  The mobility management entity (MME) controls the high-level operation of the mobile
by means of signalling messages and Home Subscriber Server (HSS).
 The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) is a component which is not
shown in the above diagram but it is responsible for policy control decision-making, as
well as for controlling the flow-based charging functionalities in the Policy Control
Enforcement Function (PCEF), which resides in the P-GW.
The interface between the serving and PDN gateways is known as S5/S8. This has two slightly
different implementations, namely S5 if the two devices are in the same network, and S8 if they
are in different networks.
5.3.4FunctionalsplitbetweentheE-UTRANandtheEPC
Following diagram shows the functional split between the E-UTRAN and the EPC for an LTE
network:
19

25. 5.4FeaturesofLTE
 Peak download rates up to 299.6 Mbps and upload rates up to 75.4 Mbps depending on the user
equipment category (with 4×4 antennas using 20 MHz of spectrum).
 Low data transfer latencies (sub-5 ms latency for small IP packets in optimal conditions),
lower latencies for handover and connection setup time than with previous radio access
technologies.
 Improved support for mobility, exemplified by support for terminals moving at up to 350 km/h
(220 mph) or 500 km/h (310 mph) depending on the frequency band.
 Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access for the downlink, Single-carrier FDMA for
the uplink to conserve power.
 Support for all frequency bands currently used by IMT systems by ITU-R.
 Increased spectrum flexibility: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz wide
cells are standardized. (W-CDMA has no option for other than 5 MHz slices, leading to some
problems rolling-out in countries where 5 MHz is a commonly allocated width of spectrum so
would frequently already be in use with legacy standards such as 2G GSM and cdmaOne.)
 Supports at least 200 active data clients in every 5 MHz cell.
 Simplified architecture: The network side of E-UTRAN is composed only of eNode Bs.
 Support for inter-operation and co-existence with legacy standards
(e.g., GSM/EDGE, UMTS and CDMA2000). Users can start a call or transfer of data in an
area using an LTE standard, and, should coverage be unavailable, continue the operation
without any action on their part using GSM/GPRS or W-CDMA-based UMTS or
even 3GPP2 networks such as cdmaOne or CDMA2000.
 Packet switched radio interface.
5.5 Voice Calls
The LTE standard supports only packet switching with its all-IP network. Voice calls in GSM,
UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched, so with the adoption of LTE, carriers will have to re-
engineer their voice call network.
20

26. 5.5.1 Voice over LTE (VoLTE)
Voice over Long-Term Evolution (VoLTE) is a standard for high-speed wireless communication
for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
network, with specific profiles for control and media planes of voice service on LTE defined
by GSMA in PRD IR.92. This approach results in the voice service (control and media planes)
being delivered as data flows within the LTE data bearer. This means that there is no dependency
on (or ultimately, requirement for) the legacy circuit-switched voice network to be maintained.
VoLTE has up to three times more voice and data capacity than 3G UMTS and up to six times
more than 2G GSM.
5.5.2 Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB)
In this approach, LTE just provides data services, and when a voice call is to be initiated or
received, it will fall back to the circuit-switched domain. When using this solution, operators just
need to upgrade the MSC instead of deploying the IMS, and therefore, can provide services quickly.
However, the disadvantage is longer call setup delay.
5.5.3 Simultaneous voice and LTE (SVLTE)
In this approach, the handset works simultaneously in the LTE and circuit switched modes, with the
LTE mode providing data services and the circuit switched mode providing the voice service. This
is a solution solely based on the handset, which does not have special requirements on the network
and does not require the deployment of IMS either. The disadvantage of this solution is that the
phone can become expensive with high power consumption.
21

27. Chapter 6
5G with super speed internet
World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW) as it has no limitations. The basic protocol for running on
both 4G and 5G is IPv6.5G aims to provide unlimited access to information and the ability to share
data anywhere, anytime by anyone for the benefit of the world.5G technologies covers all the
advanced features which makes 5G mobile technology most powerful and will be in huge demand
in future. The 5G mobile is all-IP based for mobile and wireless network interoperability. The
standardization process may have started this year which will lead to its commercial availability in
2020.
In 5G network, the Physical and Data Link layer defines the 5G wireless technology indicating it as
an Open Wireless Architecture (OWA).The 5G technology also maintain virtual multi-wireless
network. To perform this Network layer is sub-divided into two layers; upper network layer for
mobile terminal and lower network layer for interface. Here all the routing will be based on IP
addresses which would be different in each IP network worldwide. In 5G technology the higher bit
rate loss is overcome by using Open Transport Protocol (OTP).The OTP is supported by
Transport and Session layer. The application layer is for quality of service management over
various types of networks.
An initial chip design by Qualcomm in October 2016, the Snapdragon X50 5G modem, supports
operations in the 28 GHz band, also known as millimetre wave (mmW) spectrum. With 800 MHz
bandwidth support, it is designed to support peak download speeds of up to 35.46 gigabits per
second.5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile
broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine
communications.
5G research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower battery
consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things. There is currently no standard for
5G deployments.
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28. The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance defines the following requirements that a 5G
standard should fulfil.
 Data rates of 10’s megabits per second for 10’s of thousands of users.
 Data rates of 100 megabits per second for metropolitan areas.
 1 Gbps simultaneously to many workers on the same office floor.
 Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous connections for wireless sensors.
 Spectral efficiency significantly enhanced compared to 4G.
 Coverage improved
 Signalling efficiency enhanced
 Latency reduced significantly compared to LTE.
The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance says that 5G should be rolled out by 2020 to meet
business and consumer demands. In addition to providing simply faster speeds, they predict that 5G
networks also will need to meet new use cases, such as the Internet of Things (internet connected
devices), as well as broadcast-like services and lifeline communication in times of natural disaster.
Carriers, chipmakers, OEMS and OSATs, such as Advanced Semiconductor Engineering
(ASE) and Amkor Technology, Inc., have been preparing for this next-generation (5G) wireless
standard, as mobile systems and base stations will require new and faster application processors,
basebands and RF devices.
Although updated standards that define capabilities beyond those defined in the current 4G
standards are under consideration, those new capabilities have been grouped under the current ITU-
T 4G standards. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the spectrum for
5G, including the 28 Gigahertz, 37 GHz and 39 GHz bands, on July 14, 2016.
6.1 5G Architecture
Architecture of 5G is highly advanced, its network elements and various terminals are
characteristically upgraded to afford a new situation. Likewise, service providers can implement
the advance technology to adopt the value-added services easily.
However, upgradeability is based upon cognitive radio technology that includes various significant
features such as ability of devices to identify their geographical location as well as weather,
temperature, etc. Cognitive radio technology acts as a transceiver (beam) that perceptively can
catch and respond radio signals in its operating environment.
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29. Further, it promptly distinguishes the changes in its environment and hence responds accordingly
to provide uninterrupted quality service.
As shown in the following image, the system model of 5G is entirely IP based model designed for
the wireless and mobile networks.
5G Network Architecture
The system comprising of a main user terminal and then a number of independent and autonomous
radio access technologies. Each of the radio technologies is considered as the IP link for the outside
internet world. The IP technology is designed exclusively to ensure sufficient control data for
appropriate routing of IP packets related to a certain application connections i.e. sessions between
client applications and servers somewhere on the Internet. Moreover, to make accessible routing of
packets should be fixed in accordance with the given policies of the user (as shown in the image
given below).
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30. 6.2 Master Core Technology
The 5G Master Core is convergence point for the other technologies, which have their own impact
on existing wireless network. Interestingly, its design facilitates Master Core to get operated into
parallel multimode including all IP network mode and 5G network mode. In this mode (as shown in
the image given below), it controls all network technologies of RAN and Different Access Networks
(DAT). Since, the technology is compatible and manages all the new deployments (based on 5G), it
is more efficient, less complicated, and more powerful.
Surprisingly, any service mode can be opened under 5G New Deployment Mode as World
Combination Service Mode (WCSM). WCSM is a wonderful feature of this technology; for
example, if a professor writes on the white board in a country – it can be displayed on another
white board in any other part of the world besides conversation and video. Further, a new services
can be easily added through parallel multimode service.
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31. 26

32. Chapter 7
Processors & Cellular Modems
Qualcomm Snapdragon mobile platforms are designed to allow you to fully immerse yourself in
virtual and alternate realities, take vibrant photos and videos, stream hi-def movies and enjoy
breathtaking download speeds with battery life to spare.
Every Snapdragon mobile platform is designed to deliver experiences you have to see to believe.
The robust processing strength, cutting-edge power efficiency, exceptional graphics and
comprehensive security solutions of Snapdragon mobile platforms help bring innovative user
experiences to life.
7.1 Snapdragon 835 Mobile Platform
With an advanced 10-nanometer design, the Qualcomm® Snapdragon™ 835 mobile platform can
support phenomenal mobile performance. It is 35% smaller and uses 25% less power than previous
designs, and is engineered to deliver exceptionally long battery life, lifelike VR and AR
experiences, cutting-edge camera capabilities and Gigabit Class download speeds.
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33. 7.1.1 LTE Modem
The Snapdragon X16 LTE modem is designed to deliver peak download speeds up to one Gigabit
per second. That’s 10X as fast as first-generation 4G LTE, along with multi-Gigabit 802.11ad and
integrated 2x2 11ac MU-MIMO Wi-Fi—giving you wireless Internet access at fiber optic speeds.
Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) is a set of multiple-input and multiple-output technologies
for wireless communication, in which a set of users or wireless terminals, each with one or more
antennas, communicate with each other. In contrast, single-user MIMO considers a single multi-
antenna transmitter communicating with a single multi-antenna receiver. In a similar way
that OFDMA adds multiple access (multi-user) capabilities to OFDM, MU-MIMO adds multiple
access (multi-user) capabilities to MIMO. MU-MIMO has been investigated since the beginning of
research into multi-antenna communication, including work by Telatar on the capacity of the MU-
MIMO uplink.
SDMA, massive MIMO, coordinated multipoint (CoMP) and ad hoc MIMO are all related to MU-
MIMO; each of those technologies often leverage spatial degrees of freedom to separate users.
7.1.2 Qualcomm Spectra ISP
The 14-bit Qualcomm Spectra 180 ISP supports capture of up to 32 megapixels with zero shutter
lag, and offers smooth zoom, fast autofocus and true-to-life colours for improved image quality.
7.1.3 Hexagon DSP
The Qualcomm Hexagon 682 DSP is designed to significantly improve performance and battery
life, and includes the Qualcomm All-Ways Aware sensor hub and Hexagon Vector extensions
(HVX) for optimal efficiency.
7.1.4 Kryo CPU
The Qualcomm Kryo 280 CPU has our most power-efficient architecture to date—with independent
efficiency and power clusters, each designed to optimize for a unique user experience.
CPU Clock Speed (Up to 2.45 GHz)
CPU Cores (8x Qualcomm® Kryo™ 280 CPU)
CPU Bit Architecture (64-bit)
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34. 7.2 Snapdragon X16 LTE Modem
In order to make a Gigabit Class LTE modem a reality, Qualcomm added a suite of enhancements –
built on a foundation of commercially-proven Carrier Aggregation technology. The Snapdragon
X16 LTE modem employs sophisticated digital signal processing to pack more bits per transmission
with 256-QAM, receives data on four antennas through 4x4 MIMO, and supports for up to 4x
Carrier Aggregation — all of which come together to achieve unprecedented download speeds.
Snapdragon X16 LTE modem also does it with less space than previously required. Thanks to the
new Qualcomm WTR5975 RF transceiver, a collection of advanced features and comprehensive
band support, including 3.5 GHz and unlicensed 5 GHz, are now integrated into a single RF
chip. A new digital interconnect interface between the transceiver and the modem simplify PCB
layout to facilitate the implementation of the X16 LTE modem’s advanced features for OEMs, and
to free up valuable board space that can be utilized for larger batteries or more streamlined design.
7.2.1 Specifications X16 LTE Modem
Cellular Modem
LTE Category
 LTE Category 16 (downlink)
 LTE Category 13 (uplink)
Downlink Features
 4x20 MHz carrier aggregation
 Up to 256-QAM
 Up to 4x4 MIMO on two carriers
 Maximum 10 spatial streams
Uplink Features
 Qualcomm® Snapdragon™ Upload+
 2x20 MHz carrier aggregation
 Up to 2x 75Mbps LTE streams
 Up to 64-QAM
 Uplink data compression
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35. Peak Download Speed
 1 Gbps
Peak Upload Speed
 150 Mbps
Supported Cellular Technologies
 LTE FDD
 LTE TDD
 LTE-U
 LAA
 LTE Broadcast
 WCDMA (DB-DC-HSDPA, DC-HSUPA)
 TD-SCDMA
 CDMA 1x
 EV-DO
 GSM/EDGE
Multi SIM
 LTE Dual SIM Dual Active (DSDA)
 LTE Dual SIM Dual Standby (DSDS)
Next-generation Calling Services
 VoLTE with SRVCC to 3G and 2G
 HD and Ultra HD Voice (EVS)
 CSFB to 3G and 2G
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36. CONCLUSION
Mobile Wireless Communication Technology is going to be a new revolution in mobile market.
With the coming out of cell phone alike to personal data assistant (PDA) now our whole office is in
our finger tips or in our phone. 5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best
technologies and offer priceless handset to their customers.5G will promote concept of Super Core,
where all the network operators will be connected through one single core and have one single
infrastructure, regardless of their access technologies.4G and 5G techniques provide efficient user
services with lower battery consumption, lower outage probability (better coverage), high bit rates in
larger portions of the coverage area, cheaper or no traffic fees due to low infrastructure deployment
costs, or higher aggregate capacity for many simultaneous users.
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37. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] ITU (2009). Measuring the Information Society; The ICT Development Index [Online]
Available:http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/ publicati ons/idi/2009/material/IDI2009w5.pdf.
[2] Duda, A. and Sreenan, C.J. (2003). Challenges for Quality of Service in Next Generation
Mobile Networks. Proc. of Information Technology & Telecommunications Conference (IT&T).
[3] Mousa, A. M. (2012). Prospective of Fifth Generation Mobile communications. International
Journal of Next - Generation Networks (IJNGN) 4(3): 1-30.
[4] Patel, S., Malhar, C. & Kapadiya, K. (2012). 5G: Future Mobile Technology-Vision 2020.
International Journal of Computer Applications 54 (17): 6-10.
[5] Toh, C. K. 2002. Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Protocols and Systems. Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, USA.
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