2. Content Layout
• INTRODUCTION TO A.I.
• EVOLUTION OF A.I.
• BRANCHES OF A.I.
• APPLICATIONS OF A.I.
• CONCLUSIONS ON A.I.
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3. INTRODUCTION
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A.I. is a branch of computer science that studies the
computational requirements for tasks such as perception,
reasoning and learning and develop systems to perform those
tasks
What IsA.I. ?
The field of Artificial intelligence strives to understand and
build intelligent entities
A.I.
Strong A.I.
M/C can think and
act like human
Weak A.I.
Some thinking like features
can be added to M/C
4. TURING TEST
• Proposed by AlanTuring(1950), a British Computer
Scientist.
• Intelligence is defined as the ability to achieve human level
performance in all cognitive tests, sufficient to fool a
human interrogator.
• The test was devised in response to the question,” Can a
computer think ?”.
• Result was +ve if interrogator can not tell if responses are
coming from the M/C or Human.
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5. DEFINITIONS
• A.I is a branch of computer sciences dealing with
symbolic, Nonalgorithic-Methods of problem
solving.
• AI works with pattern matching methods which
attempt to describe objects , events or processes
in terms of their qualitative features and logical
and computational Relationship.
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6. What is Intelligence ?
• To respond to situations very flexibly.
• To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory
messages.
• To recognize relative importance of different elements of
situations.
• To find similarities between situations despite difference.
• To draw distinctions between situations despite similarities
which may link them.
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7. HISTORY
• 1943 – McCulloh and Pitts, Boolean circuit
model of brain.
• 1950 –Turing’s computing machine and
intelligence.
• 1950’s – Early AI programs including Samuel’s
checker program, Newell and Simon’s logic
theorist, Gelisnters geometry engine.
• 1956 – Dartmouth conference.
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8. HISTORY
• 1952-69 – “Look, Ma, no hands!” era.
• 1958 – McCarthy moves to MIT, LISP was born.
• 1965 – Robinson’s complete algorithm for logical reasoning.
• 1966-74 – AI discovers computational complex.
• 1969-79 - Early development in knowledge based systems.
• 1980-88 : Expert system industry booms.
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9. HISTORY
• 1988-93 : Expert system industry busts.
• 1985-88 : Neural networks return to popularity.
• 1995 : Agents… Agents… Agents. (present)
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10. Representation
This is an era in which AI is farthest from human level. While there has
been considerable progress, e.g. in development systems of non
monotonic reasoning and theories of action
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Facts about the world have to be represented in
some way. Usually languages of mathematical logic
are used.
Common Sense, Knowledge and Reasoning
12. EXPERT SYSTEMS
• An Expert System is a computer program designed to act as an expert
in a particular domain (area of expertise).
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Domain of E.S.
Knowledge base
Facts Heuristics
Phases in Expert System
Expert systems currently are designed to assist experts, not to
replace them, They have been used in medical diagnosis, chemical
analysis, geological explorations etc.
13. Natural Language Processing
• The goal of NLP is to enable people and computers to
communicate in a natural (humanly) language(such
as, English) rather than in a computer language.
• The field of NLP is divided in 2 categories—
Natural Language understanding.
Natural Language generation
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14. Speech Recognition
• The primary interactive method of communication used by humans is
not reading and writing, it is speech.
• The goal of speech recognition research is to allow computers to
understand human speech. So that they can hear our voices and
recognize the words we are speaking.
• It simplifies the process of interactive communication between
people and computers, thus it advances the goal of NLP.
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15. Computer Vision
• People generally use vision as their primary
means of sensing their environment, we
generally see more than we hear, feel or smell or
taste.
• The goal of computer vision research is to give
computers this same powerful facility for
understanding their surrounding. Here A.I helps
computer to understand what they see through
attached cameras.
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16. Robotics
• A Robot is a electro-mechanical device that can by
programmed to perform manual tasks or a
reprogrammable multi functional manipulator designed
to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices
through variable programmed motions for performance
of variety of tasks.
• An ‘intelligent’ robot includes some kind of sensory
apparatus that allows it to respond to change in it’s
environment.
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17. Future
The day is not far when you will just sit back in your cozy little beds
and just command your personal Robot's to entirely do your ruts . He
will be a perfect companion for you. Just enjoy theTechnology.
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18. Future(Contd.)
But wait, don’t be happy. . !
It may end in other way too. Some day there will be
a knock to your door. As you open it, you see a large
number of Robots marching into your house destroying
everything you own and looting you.
This is because ever since there is an advantage in the
Technology, it attracts anti-social elements.This is true
for Robots too. Because now they will have full power to
think as human, even as of anti-social elements. So think
trice before giving them power of Cognition.
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19. Conclusion
• In it’s short existence, AI has increased understanding of the
nature of intelligence and provided an impressive array of
application in a wide range of areas. It has sharpened
understanding of human reasoning, and of the nature of
intelligence in general. At the same time, it has revealed
the complexity of modeling human reasoning providing
new areas and rich challenges for the future.
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