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What's new in c. diff
1. K e l l y W i l l i a m s o n , P h a r m D , B C I D P
I n f e c t i o u s D i s e a s e s C l i n i c a l S p e c i a l i s t
Au g u s t 2 8 , 2 0 1 9
What’s New in C. diff?
2. Objectives
Define risk factors for developing Clostridium difficle
Review the Akron Children’s guideline for
Clostridium difficle
Outline clinical pearls in the management of
Clostridium difficle
3. Epidemiology of C. diff in Pediatrics
Asymptomatic colonization with toxigenic/nontoxigenic
strains among infants exceeds 40%
Colonization rates high between 1-2 years of age
2-3 years of age rates are similar to healthy adults
Healthy adult rates vary between 1-3 %
*Rates may be higher in those with exposure to health
care facilities
IDSA Guidelines 2017
4. Where is C. diff Occurring?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 (n=171) 2-3 (n=188) 4-9 (n=245) 10-17 (n=340)
Percent
Age group (yr)
HCFA
CO-HCFA
CA
Wendt JM, et al. Pediatrics 2014;133(4):651-658.
6. General Recommendations
Replace fluid and electrolytes as needed
Stop acid suppression if possible
Stop antibiotics if possible
Continued therapy is associated with prolonged time to CDI
symptom resolution and CDI recurrence
If unable to stop narrow spectrum as much as possible
Stop anti-motility and/or pro-motility agents
If continued clinical worsening, consider adjusting
therapy
7. Disease Classification
Mild/Moderate • ≥ 3 stools in 24 hr period
• Feeding well
Severe • ≥ 3 stools in 24 hr period AND 2 or more of the following:
• Not feeding well
• Febrile
• Abdominal pain/tenderness
• Blood in stool
• Dehydration and/or electrolyte disturbances
• WBC >15,000 cells/mL
• Increased age-adjusted SCr
• Serum albumin <2.5 mg/dL
• Pseudomembranous colitis on imaging
Severe/Complicated • Severe criteria met AND 1 or more of the following
• Hypotension/shock
• Complete ileus
• Megacolon
• Ileitis, pan-colitis, clinical/radiographic evidence of bowel perforation
• Critical care admit for management of CDI
*The above classification may not apply to select populations such as those with cancer/BMT/Burn/other immune
compromised hosts. While not specifically addressed in the IDSA guidelines it may be prudent to assume that these
patients have severe disease and consider vancomycin as first line therapy
8. Treatment of Initial Episode of C.diff Infection
Classification Antibiotic Dose Recommendation Max Dose Duration
Mild Metronidazole PO
OR
Vancomycin PO
10 mg/kg/dose q8h
10 mg/kg/dose q6h
500 mg/dose
125 mg/dose
10 days
Severe Vancomycin PO
+/-
Metronidazole IV
10 mg/kg/dose q6h
10 mg/kg/dose q8h
500 mg/dose
500 mg/dose
10 -14 days
9. Treatment of Initial Episode of C.diff Infection
Classification Antibiotic Dose Recommendation Max Dose Duration
Severe/Complicated Vancomycin PO
PLUS
Metronidazole IV
10 mg/kg/dose q6h
10 mg/kg/dose q8h
500 mg/dose
500 mg/dose
10 -14 days
Severe Complicated
WITH Complete Ileus
Vancomycin PR
PLUS
Metronidazole IV
**see below for dosing
10 mg/kg/dose q8h
100 mL
500 mg/dose
10 -14 days
**rectal vancomycin retention enema optimal dose and volume have not been established, but some experts
recommend 50 mL q6h for ages 1-3 years, 75 mL q6h for ages 4-9 years, and 100 mL q6h for ages 10 years
and older.
10. Treatment of First Recurrence Non-Severe
May consider ID consult
Antibiotic (agent used for initial episode)
Metronidazole PO 10 mg/kg/dose q8h (max 500 mg/dose)
OR
Vancomycin PO 10 mg/kg/dose q6h (max 125 mg/dose)
Duration: 10-14 days
11. Second or Subsequent Recurrence
Vancomycin PO
pulse/taper
Dose Recommendation Max Dose Duration
Step 1 10 mg/kg/dose q6h 125 mg/dose 10-14 days
Step 2 10 mg/kg/dose q12h 125 mg/dose 7 days
Step 3 10 mg/kg/dose daily 125 mg/dose 7 days
Step 4 10 mg/kg/dose every other day 125 mg/dose 7-14 days
*May consider ID Consult
12. Alternative Therapies
Antibiotic Dose Max dose Comments
Fidaxomicin 16 mg/kg/dose BID 200 mg/dose • FDA approved for ≥ 18
years old
• Should not be used
without ID consult
• 10 day duration
Nitazoxanide
1-3 years
4-11 years
≥ 12 years
100 mg BID
200 mg BID
500 mg BID
• 10 day duration based on
adult literature
Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) • If disease continues to recur after 3 relapses,
patient should be referred to center
preforming FMT
13. Clinical Treatment Controversies
FMT
Probiotics
Not recommended in AAP statement on C.diff treatment
IDSA guidelines do not recommend probiotic use
Studies showing benefit had higher incidence rates of CDI than most
institutions have
Limitations of probiotic studies
Differences in probiotic formulation
Duration of probiotic administration
Inclusion of patients not typically considered at high risk for CDI
Continued literature regarding potential for probiotics to cause infection
in hospitalized patients
17. Clinical Pearls For Treatment - Metronidazole
Commercially available liquid product
Grape flavored
Important counseling points
Recommended to take with food to minimize GI effects
Disulfuram-like reaction with alcohol
Cumulative neurotoxicity with repeated exposures
Lamp KC, et al. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999;36(5):353-373.
Metronidazole [prescribing information] Sellersville, PA: Teva; 2011.
18. Clinical Pearls For Treatment – PO Vancomycin
Bioavailability extremely poor
Drug concentration remains localized to the gut
At standard doses no detectable serum levels
When max dose of 500 mg q6h utilized serum concentrations of 1-
5 mcg/mL have been detected in adult patients
Recommended using standard dose of 125 mg q6h
Can increase dose if patient not responding after 3-4 days of
standard dosing
D’Ostroph AR, et al. Infect Drug Resist. 2017;10:365-375.
Bhansali SG, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(3):1441-1445.
19. Patient Case
WH 3 year old male, admitted for CF exacerbation
CF culture/treatment history
History of MSSA and H.flu from sputum
No antibiotics in the previous 2 months
No previous hospitalizations for IV antimicrobial therapy
Started on IV ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg/day q24h
D/c home on day 3 of abx to complete 14 days
Readmitted on day 5 of therapy due to diarrhea
C.diff test from ER comes back positive
Started on PO metronidazole 30 mg/kg/day divided q8h
20. Patient Case Continued
Day 1 of re-admission
Vomited both doses of PO metronidazole since admission
Upon further investigation of symptoms by intern
Per mom has ~3 very loose but not watery stools since original
discharge
Patient eating and drinking with no issues
Primary team orders GI Filmarray
Positive for Norovirus and Astrovirus
Admission Labs
WBC 9 cells/mL
SCr 0.3 mg/dL
Albumin 3 mg/dL
21. Conclusions
Kids <1 year old should not be tested
1st line treatment for mild/moderate disease
PO metronidazole or PO vancomycin
1st line treatment for severe disease
PO vancomycin +/- IV metronidazole
1st line treatment severe/complicated disease
PR vancomycin + IV metronidazole
Notes de l'éditeur
Patients 0-2 yrs of age have the highest outpatient antibiotic prescribing rate, even when compared with patients >65 yrs
- Add note about improvement
* Small quantities reach the colon. Poor blood flow from the systemic circulation to the colonic mucosa is a hypothesized reason by metronidazole can be less effective