The document provides information on various types of sanitary fittings used in bathrooms, including water closets (toilets), urinals, and flushing systems. It discusses the materials used to make these fittings, such as cast iron, vitreous enamel, stainless steel, ceramic, and plastics. It also describes the components, working, classifications, and dimensions of water closets and urinals. Waterless and automatic flushing systems for urinals are introduced to save water. Common problems in public urinals like blockages and odors are also summarized along with solutions.

1. Water closets
and urinals

2. Sanitary fittings
SLOP SINK
URINAL
W.C PAN
SOIL FITTINGS
FLUSHING CISTERN
FLUSHING CISTERN
ENCLOSER
WATER CLOSET
PAPER HOLDER
FULSHING CISTERN
MUG ETC
ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENTS
BIDET
DRINKING FOUNTAIN
WASHBASIN
SINK
WASTE WATER FITTINGS
SANITARY FITTINGS

3. Metal
 Baths, shower trays and flushing cisterns are commonly made out of cast iron,
although this is being superseded to a large extent by the use of plastics. The
interior surfaces of cast iron baths and shower trays are vitreous enamelled to
provide a smooth, hard wearing surface that is corrosion resistant. Articles
manufactured from cast iron are very heavy and brittle, and great care must be
exercised when handling them.
 Vitreous enamelled pressed steel is also used for the manufacture of baths and
sink units. It is cheaper material but does not have the long lasting qualities of cast
iron. Manufacturers of porcelain enamelled ware always attached a label to the
appliance giving instruction on its care and methods of cleaning. Always make sure
that this is intact when the job is complete.
 Stainless steel is also extensively used for a wide range of sanitary appliances
including WCs, sink units, urinal stalls and wash hand basins. Its popularity derives
from the properties it possesses:
 (a) It has a clean, pleasant appearance.
 (b) It is non-corrosive.
 (c) It is hard wearing.
 (d) It has no vitreous enamelled surface to chip.
 (e) It is easily cleaned.

4. Ceramic

5. Plastic
 Acrylic plastic produces appliances that are very light in weight and cheap to
manufacture. A gloss finish can be obtained, but this must be carefully
cleaned to avoid scratching. The plastic becomes soft when heated, so the
appliances must always be exposed to cold water before being subjected to
hot water, or mixing taps should be used. Baths must be provided with
supports, which usually consists of timbers on metal cradles. A variety of
colours can be obtained.
 Glass-reinforced polyester appliances are much stronger than those made
from acrylic plastic, but they are more expensive. Baths and shower trays are
often made from this material, and should have a good gel coat finish. Thin
coats may be worn away by cleaning, which could expose the glass fibre.

6. DESIGN REQUIREMENT
 A sanitary appliance should be designed so that its
fouling area is reduced to the minimum and should
have durable, easily cleaned and non-absorbent
surface.
 Before starting to design the floor plan of any
structure, the designer needs to know the following
information:-
a. Types of buildings :
i. Residential Building
ii. Public Building / Commercial / Office Building
b. Consumer

7. Water closets
 A WC is a plumbing fixture primarily intended for the
disposal of human waste by using water to flush it
through a drainpipe to the main sewer stack.
 Types :
 Squat toilets :The most common toilet in used in our
nation is the Squat toilets, in which water carries the
waste into sewers.
 Flush toilets: The most common design in western
countries is the sitting toilet. Flush Toilet are still
used by the majority of the world's population.
 Sqaut toilet with water flushing

8. Squat toilets flush toilets

9. Types of water closets
o Western closets
oWall hung
oBack to wall
o Indian closets
o Anglo-Indian closets

10. •Hung from the wall
•There is space under
the commode between
it and the floor.
•P-trap plumbing
Wall hung closets

11. •Placed on the floor
backing the wall
•S-trap plumbing
Back to wall

12. WC – INDIAN TYPE
 Consists of two pieces :
porcelain pan , trap
 Two foot rests are provided on
either sides of the pan
 Inbuilt flushing rim having no. of
holes
 Ht of flushing cistern – 1.8-2m
above FL

13. Anglo – Indian type
 Can be used in both positions, hence the name
 Pedestal type appliance with inbuilt trap
 Top of pan flared out to provide for foot rest
 Plastic seat hinged to closet is used for sitting

14. Components of water closet
The main components of
water closet
the bowl
tank
pipelines

15. Working of water closet

16. Dimensions and Traps

17. Classification on the basis of
pans
 Wall hung :
p trap
concealed piping
space saving
 Floor mounted :
both s and p traps

18. Classification on the basis of
seats

19. Classification on the basis of
flushing cistern
 Manual flushing system: It injects pressurized water into the
bowl and only take a few seconds to flush when operated.
 Maintainance is easier.
 Allows adjustment of water to an ideal level to ensure water
saving.
 Chain pull
 Pushbutton
 Handle
Separate cistern
Concealed cistern
Attached cistern

20. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TANK
TYPE
Types
1. Wash-down type
2. Wash-out style
3. Reverse Bowl Type

21. Wash-down type
 Most commonly
used pattern
 Content of the pan
removed by gravity
flush
 Traps :
(a) For ground floor
: S- trap
(b) For upper floors :
P- trap

22. Siphonic type
 Contents are removed by siphonic
action
 Entire content is emptied into soil pipe
 Inbuilt after-flush chamber – reseals
trap
 This type may have single or double
trap
 The latter has :
(a) larger area of water seal
(b) more efficient
(c) silent

23. FLUSHING CISTERN
Function :
Used to flush away the contents of
soil fitting to the drain.
Specification:
Fixed 2m and 0.6 m above floor level.
Capacity of the cistern from 5 to 15 liters (popular : 9 liter)

24. PISTON FLUSHING CISTERN
The piston type flushing cistern, operates
as follows:
• When the lever is depressed sharply, the
piston is lifted, which displaces water over the
siphon.
• Water discharging down the flush pipe
takes some air with it and creates a partial
vacuum in the siphon.
• The greater air pressure acting upon the
water in the cistern forces water through the
siphon until air is admitted under the piston,
which breaks the siphon action.

25. AUTOMATIC FLUSHING CISTERN
 Automatic flushing cistern designed to
discharge its contents of water at regular
intervals into a urinal.
 The rate at which the water will flush
depends upon the rate at which the water is
fed into the cistern and for a single
installation this should not exceed ten liters
per hour .
 These flush water automatically once in
10 – 15 minutes.
 To prevent wastage of water from these
cistern, at times when the cistern is not used
such as at weekends, an Automatic Flow Cut
Off Device should be fitted.

26. BELL-TYPE FLUSHING CISTERN
• The bell-type flushing cistern is
rather noisy but may be used in
factories and schools.
• The cistern is operated by the
chain being pulled down which
also lifts the bell.
• When the chain is released the bell
falls thus displacing water under
the bell down the stand pipe.
• Siphonic action is then created
which empties the cistern.

27. DUAL FLUSH CISTERN
 The dual-flush toilet differs from siphon-flush toilets in that
it relies on gravity to remove waste from the toilet.
 The main feature of the toilet is that it has two buttons for
releasing water.
 It outputs water in both 0.8-gallon (3 litre) and 1.6-gallon
(6 litre) capacities.
 The smaller level is designed for liquid waste, and the larger
is designed for solid waste. It also uses a larger 4-inch
(10 cm) trapway in the bowl, allowing for water to come out
faster and clear the bowl efficiently.

29. Tank style with high-pressure or
pressure-assist valve
 This system uses water main pressure to pre-pressurize a plastic
tank located inside what otherwise appears to be the more typical
ceramic flush tank.
 After a user flushes and the water in the pre-pressurized tank has
finished emptying into the bowl, the outlet valve in the plastic tank
shuts.
 Then the high pressure water from the main refills the plastic tank.
Inside the tank is an air-filled balloon-like rubber diaphragm.
 As the higher-pressure mains water enters the tank, the rubber
diaphragm is also pressurized and shrinks accordingly.

30. Tank fill valve
THE VALVES ARE OF TWO MAIN DESIGNS: 1.THE
SIDE-FLOAT DESIGN AND THE 2.CONCENTRIC-
FLOAT DESIGN
THE SIDE-FLOAT DESIGN USES A FLOAT ON THE
END OF A LEVER TO CONTROL THE FILL VALVE. THE
FLOAT IS USUALLY SHAPED LIKE A BALL, SO THE
MECHANISM IS CALLED A BALL-VALVE OR A
BALLCOCK
THE NEWER CONCENTRIC-FLOAT FILL VALVE
CONSISTS OF A TOWER WHICH IS ENCIRCLED BY A
PLASTIC FLOAT ASSEMBLY. OPERATION IS
OTHERWISE THE SAME AS A SIDE-FLOAT FILL
VALVE, EVEN THOUGH THE FLOAT POSITION IS
SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT.

31. Slide float design
Concentric float design

32. Tank style with flapper-flush valve
 In tanks using a flapper-flush valve, the outlet at the bottom
of the tank is covered by a buoyant (plastic or rubber) cover,
or flapper, which is held in place against a fitting (the flush
valve seat) by water pressure.
 To flush the toilet, the user pushes a lever, which lifts the
flush valve from the valve seat. The valve then floats clear of
the seat, allowing the tank to empty quickly into the bowl.
 As the water level drops, the floating flush valve descends
back to the bottom of the tank and covers the outlet pipe
again. This system is common in homes in the US and in
continental Europe.

33. Tank style with siphon-flush
valve
 uses a storage tank similar to that used in the flapper-flush-
valve system above. This flush valve system is sometimes
referred to as a valveless system, since no traditional type of
valve is required.
 In the siphon-flush-valve system, the user pushes a lever or
button, forcing the water up into the tank siphon passageway
which then empties the water in the tank into the bowl. The
advantage of a siphon over the flush valve is that it has no
sealing washers that can wear out and cause leaks, so it is
favored in places where there is a need to conserve water.

35. Auto flushing system
Adjustable water settings that can reduce water
consumption by 50%.
Infrared Technology.
Optional pre flush
Automatic flushing system

37. TANKLESS WCs
 Tankless toilets receive water directly from a supply line at a high enough
pressure that a single flush can carry human waste through the drainage
system.
 Tankless toilets are connected directly to water supply lines, they can refill
faster and be flushed again more quickly than a tank toilet.

38. URINAL
 They are designed to accept and dispose of liquid human wastes
only.
 The types of urinal are ceramic slab , stall type and bowl type.
 The slab type is cheaper than the stall type , but it does not
provide the same degree of privacy.
 The installation of ceramic bowl-type urinal, which have less
fouling area then the slab and stall urinals.

39. SLAB URINAL STALL URINAL

40. BOWL URINAL

41. Urinals with flushing
Most public urinals incorporate a flushing system to rinse urine from
the bowl of the device to prevent foul odors.
Manual handles
Each urinal is equipped with a button or short lever to activate the
flush, with users expected to operate it as they leave.
Such a directly controlled system is the most efficient, provided that
patrons remember to use it.
Timed flush
Groups of up to ten or more urinals will be connected to a single
overhead cistern, which contains the timing mechanism.
A constant drip-feed of water slowly fills the cistern until a tipping
point is reached
When the valve opens all the urinals in the group are flushed.
This system does not require any action from its users
It is wasteful of water when toilets are used irregularly.

42. Door-regulated flush
•It only operates when the room has been used.
•A push-button switch is mounted in the door frame of
the restroom, and triggers the flush valve for all
restroom urinals every time the door is opened
Automatic flush
•A passive infrared sensor identifies when the urinal
has been used, by detecting when someone has stood
in front of it and moved away, and then activates the
flush.
•To prevent false-triggering of the automatic flush, most
infrared detectors require that a presence be detected
for at least five seconds, such as when a person is
standing in front of it.

44. Dimension of Urinal

45. WATERLESS URINALS
 Waterless urinals look very much like conventional urinals in design and these
can be used in the same manner. However, waterless urinals do not req
uire water for flushing and thus result in saving anything between 56,800
litres to 1, 70,000 litres of water per urinal per year.
 Waterless urinals do not need water and expensive plumbing accessories
usually required for flushing. Also, the dry operation of waterless urinal
s and touch free operations reduce spreading of
communicable diseases. Odour trap mechanisms using sealant liquid, mic
robial control, membrane and curtain valve fitted to waterless urinals assi
st in preventing odour developed inside the drainage lines connected to ur
inals. Therefore, installing waterless urinals in homes, institutions and public p
laces can offer several advantages.

46. WATERLESS URINALS

47. ADVANTAGES OF WATERLESS URINALS
 • Save enormous quantities of freshwater •
Enhance efficiencies of sewer lines and wastewater treatment p
lants •
Optimize cost of plumbing accessories at supply & consumptio
n ends •
Conserve electricity used for pumping water & treating wastewa
ter • Replace chemical fertilizers with urine to grow crops •
Produce fertiliser & other chemicals from urine (industrial f
eedstock) • Recover hydrogen for producing energy and fuel •
Reduce emission of green house gases and pollution of water b
odies

50. PROBLEMS IN PUBLIC
URINALS
BLOCKAGE PROBLEMS
 It occurs due to accumulation of excessive salts in urine.
 Solid wastes inserted into drainage pipes.
 Improper cleaning of urinals,etc.
ODOUR PROBLEMS
 Unpleasant smell of urine can be observed within or nearby
public urinals.
 It occurs due to improper flushing.
 Due to disturbed flushing mechanism,etc.

51. SOLUTION FOR PUBLIC
URINALS PROBLEMS
 Use of traps on waste pipelines to prevent backflow and
odour transmission.
 Use of interceptor to capture unwanted liquid and solid
waste.
 Use of waste disposal unit.
 Use of biological urinal blocks,ect.