3. Outline
• Part I: Introduction to Climate Change.
• Part II: The Legal Framework for fighting
Climate Change.
• Part III: Climate change: Myth or Reality?
• Part IV: International Environmental and
Climate Justice: Linkage and Issues.
• Part V: Africa: International Climate Inequity:
Vulnerabilities
Conclusion/Recommendation
4. Part I
Introduction to Climate Change: What is Climate
Change?
In a broad sense, climate change refers to the
modification of earth’s climate system caused by
natural influences and human activity.
Examples of natural causes of climate change
include volcanic eruptions and shifts in the
intensity and cycles of the sun.
The burning of fossil fuels for electricity generation,
heating and for use in the transportation industry,
land use (deforestation) are examples of human
activities that cause an accumulation of greenhouse
gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere.
6. Introduction to Climate Change:
What is Climate Change? Key Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)
(Source of Chart: EPA)
7. Introduction to Climate Change: What is Climate Change?
U.S. GHGs Emissions (as of 2013): Human Activities
(Source of Chart: EPA)
8. Introduction to Climate Change: What is Climate Change?
Human Activities: Industrial Processes and GHG Emissions
(Picture Source: UNEP)
9. Introduction to Climate Change: What is Climate
Change?
Global Definitions
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) uses the
term “Climate change” to refer to: a change in the state of
the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests)
by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its
properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically
decades or longer”.- i.e. human induced and natural causes.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) refers to the term “climate change” as “a change
of Climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human
activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere
and which is in addition to natural climate variability
observed over comparable time periods” (Article 1(2)).- i.e.
human causes.
10. Part II
The Legal and Institutional Framework for fighting Climate
Change:
The Global Level
The Legal Framework
UNFCCC (1992).
Kyoto Protocol (adopted 1997).
Copenhagen Accord (Adopted in December 2009).
Durban Platform For Enhanced Action (adopted 2011) –
Green Climate Fund was further developed.
Doha Amendments to the Kyoto Protocol (Dec. 2012).
In December 2015 a new Climate Agreement is to be
adopted in Paris at COP 21.
11. The Legal and Institutional Framework for fighting
Climate Change: Regional Level: African Region
The Legal Framework
Cairo Declaration on Managing Africa’s Natural Capital for
Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication (Feb. 2015)
(AMCEN) (princs. 8, 27, 43, 45, 51, 55 & 57).
Gaborone Declaration on Climate Change and
Africa’s Development (2013).
Nairobi Declaration on the African
Process for Combating Climate Change (2009).
ACHPR (Res153(XLVI)09): Resolution on Climate Change and
Human Rights and the Need to Study its Impact in Africa
(2009) (available at,
http://old.achpr.org/english/resolutions/resolution153_en.ht
m).
12. The Legal and Institutional Framework for fighting
Climate Change
The Institutional Framework
Global
United Nations (UN)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
The World Bank Group (World Bank)
Regional: Africa
African Union Commission (AUC).
African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN).
Climate for Development in Africa (CLIMDEV).
African Development Bank (ADB).
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD).
Sub-Regional: West Africa
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
13. Part III
Climate change: Myth or Reality?
EPA tracks the causes and effects of climate change in the U.S. using
30 indicators under the categories of GHGs; Weather and Climate;
Oceans; Snow and Ice; Health and Society; and Ecosystems (EPA,
2015).
Global Climate Change Indicators
1. Temperature and precipitation changes around the world?
2. “Glaciers and Sea Ice” melting?
3. Temperature of the Oceans increasing; level of seas rising; ocean
acidification?
4. Extreme weather events/conditions becoming more frequent,
lasting longer and having more damaging effects?
5. Alterations with respect to global ecosystems ?
6. Human health issues increasing?
14. Climate Change: Myth or Reality? Causes, Effects,
Indicators, and linkages
(Picture. Source: Carleton University)
15. Climate Change: Myth or Reality?
Alterations of the Physical environment?
(Picture Source: UNEP)
22. Climate Change: Myth or Reality?
More Extreme Weather Events in Africa?
(Picture Source: World Bank)
23. Climate Change: Myth or Reality?
More Flooding in Africa?
(Flooding in Southern Malawi: Picture Source: Yahoo News)
24. Climate Change: Myth or Reality?
Changing Environment (Drier Conditions) in Northern Africa?
(Picture Source: UNEP)
25. Climate Change: Myth or Reality?
Changing Physical Environment in Africa
(Picture Source: FAO)
26. Climate Change: Myth or Reality?
Are you Convinced?
Regardless of the side of the Climate Change debate
you are on, it is hard to ignore the impacts, and
indicators of global climate change evidenced by
the changes in the type, length, and frequency of
severe weather events around the world, rainfall
pattern changes, food production disruptions,
human health impacts, ecosystem changes and
forced migration of people in various parts of the
world.
If you are convinced, what are you going to do lead
in the climate change fight?
27. Part IV
International Environmental and Climate Justice: Linkage and
Issues
Climate Change is viewed as an Environmental Issue and
Climate Justice is regarded as a subset of Environmental
Justice.
Long-standing and emerging Environmental Justice Issues
include:
1. Prevent Natural Resource Exploitation of Developing
Countries(developing countries used as a source).
2. Prevent improper disposal/transfer of Toxic Waste
from developed countries to developing countries
(developing countries used as a sink).
3. Prevent Disproportionate Impacts of Climate Change
on developing countries.
28. International Environmental and Climate
Justice: Linkage and Issues
Long-standing International Environmental Justice Issue
Developed Countries exploit/use developing countries as a source of
raw materials/natural resources, e.g. in the extractive Industry (oil and
gas exploration and production).
Climate Change Linkage
Activities in the energy development (oil and gas exploration) Industry
contribute to a changing climate system, e.g.: According to the EPA,
gas flaring contributes to Climate Change through the release of key
GHGs during the oil and gas extraction and production process (EPA,
2013); transportation use in the extractive industry contributes to
climate change mainly through the burning of fossil fuels.
Principle of Climate Justice
Affirming the principle of ecological debt, Climate Justice demands that
fossil fuel and extractive industries be held strictly liable for all past and
current life-cycle impacts relating to the production of greenhouse
gases and associated local pollutants (Princ. 8, Bali Climate Justice
Principles, 2002).
29. International Environmental and Climate Justice:
Linkage and Issues: Climate Change and the Extractive
Industry
According to the EPA, extractive industries
processes contribute to alter the climate system as
an energy-related activity through the:
“[P]roduction, processing, storage, transmission,
and distribution” of fossil fuels, which cause the
emissions methane and other GHGs. In particular
the flaring of natural gas contributes to Climate
Change through the release of key GHGs, e.g.
“methane when natural gas is not burned properly”
(EPA, 2013).
30. Climate Change and the Oil and Gas Extractive
Industry
(Picture Source: Arabian Business. Com)
31. Climate Change and the Oil and gas Extractive Industry
(Picture Source: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (By: Friends of the Earth
International))
32. International Environmental and
Climate Justice: Linkage and Issues
Long-Standing International Environmental Justice Issue
Developed countries exploit/use developing countries as a sink and/or
disposal/dumping ground for developed countries to dump or dispose of
waste from such developed countries, which activities are harmful to the
environment and human health in developing countries, e.g. Improper
disposal/transfer of E-Waste to developing countries (under the guise of
“second-hand” goods) that do not have the capability, legal and regulatory
framework and/or resources to handle the e-waste in a safe manner.
Climate Change Linkage
Open uncontrolled burning of e-waste when recovering parts contributes to
climate change through the release of key GHGs.
Principle of Climate Justice
Climate Justice opposes the role of transnational corporations in shaping
unsustainable production and consumption patterns and lifestyles, as well as
their role in unduly influencing national and international decision-making
(princ. 6, Bali Climate Justice Principles, 2002).
34. International Environmental and Climate Justice: Linkage and Issues: E-Waste
(Burning of Computer Parts: Ghana)
(Picture Source: The Ecologist: Source: Environmental Investigation Agency)
35. International Environmental and Climate Justice: Linkage and
Issues: E-Waste: Burning Electrical Components in Ghana
(Picture Source: Greenpeace)
36. International Environmental and Climate Justice:
Linkage and Issues
Emerging International Environmental Justice Issue
Prevent Disproportionate Impacts of Climate Change on
developing countries.
Global Climate Justice Issue: Climate Inequity: Africa
Africa is a Vulnerable Region for Climate Change and is
suffering from disproportionate impacts.
Principle of Climate Justice:
Climate Justice calls for the recognition of a principle of
ecological debt that industrialized governments and
transnational corporations owe the rest of the world as a result
of their appropriation of the planet's capacity to absorb
greenhouse gases (princ. 7, Bali Climate Justice Principles, 2002).
37. International Environmental and Climate Justice: Linkage and
Issues
Africa: Inequity of Climate Change
IPCC: Climate Change Report (2014) (Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
Observed Trend (key finding).
Warming of near surface temperature (an increase of 0.5C in most areas in Africa over last 50-
100 years).
Projected Trend (Key finding)
Decrease in precipitation (likely in North Africa in the mid-late 21st century).
Vulnerabilities, Impacts and Adaptability (key findings)
1. Changing terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, which has:
→ a negative effect on the food and agriculture industries and livestock and drinking water
systems.
→ a negative effect on human health from the increasing water, rodent and tick- related
diseases, child nutrition problem, and air pollution.
→caused change in migration flows (urban and rural settlements).
→created Political and economic instability and energy insecurity due to degraded natural
resources.
2. Climate Change Vulnerability (Adaptive capacity considered low).
38. International Environmental and Climate Justice: Linkage and
Issues
Inequity of Climate Change: Africa
Photo Source: UNEP:
GRID-Arendal
39. International Environmental and Climate Justice:
Linkage and Issues
Inequity of Climate Change: Sub-Saharan Africa
“In Sub-Saharan Africa, the researchers found food security will be the
overarching challenge, with dangers from droughts, flooding, and
shifts in rainfall.
Between 1.5°C-2°C warming, drought and aridity, will contribute to
farmers losing 40-80 percent of cropland conducive to growing maize,
millet, and sorghum by the 2030s-2040s, the researchers found.
In a 4°C warmer world, around the 2080s, annual precipitation may
decrease by up to 30 percent in southern Africa, while East Africa will
see more rainfall, according to multiple studies. Ecosystem changes to
pastoral lands, such as a shift from grass to woodland savannas as
levels of carbon dioxide increase, could reduce food for grazing cattle.”
-World Bank Group (2013). What Climate Change Means for Africa, Asia and the
Coastal Poor. Retrieved on October 12, 2015 from
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/19/what-climate-change-
means-africa-asia-coastal-poor.
40. International Environmental and Climate Justice:
Linkage and Issues
Inequity of Climate Change: Nigeria and the Niger Delta
Excepts from Nigeria’s Second National Communication pursuant to the
UNFCCC dated February 2014 provide that:
1. “For Nigeria, there could be significant sea level rise from the 1990 levels
to 0.3 m by 2020 and 1m by 2050. There could also be rise in temperature of
up to 3.2°C by 2050 under a high climate change scenario (DFID 2009),” which
will have enormous environmental and economic consequences and require
immediate and concerted actions to limit the effects of such change.
2. Considering the likely effects of climate change on Nigeria’s economy,
climate change is not just an environmental issue but also a critical
development issue. “It has become a major threat to the sustainable
development of Nigeria, like many other developing countries.”
3. “For Nigeria, there could be significant sea level rise from the 1990 levels to
0.3 m by 2020 and 1m by 2050. There could also be rise in temperature of up
to 3.2°C by 2050 under a high climate change scenario (DFID 2009).” These
climate change impacts have significant environmental and economic
repercussions and require immediate and focused actions to reduce the
effects of climate change in Nigeria.
-Federal Ministry of Environment, (2014).
41. International Environmental and Climate Justice:
Linkage and Issues
Inequity of Climate Change: Nigeria and the Niger Delta
4. “Nigeria is endowed with energy resources like crude oil, natural gas, coal,
tar sand, and biomass. However, production is inefficient and inadequate.”
Nigeria has one of the lowest “energy efficient economies in the world with
per capita consumption of 138 kg of oil equivalent. Gas flaring and inefficient
energy use play significant roles in Nigeria’s GHG emissions. ……….the
observed climate indicates that temperatures in Nigeria have been on the
increase in the last five decades and have been very significant since 1980s.
After the last major drought in 1983, temperature had been above normal
except in 1989 and 1992.”
5. “The interannual fluctuations observed in the annual rainfall” in Nigeria
are high and are the reason “for the extreme climate events such as drought
and flood” in Nigeria.
6. Extreme climate events pose severe threats to economic growth at the
global level, particularly to the socio-economy of developing countries. “In
Nigeria, severe floods, drought, windstorms, heat waves, ocean surges and
several other climate extremes have impacted negatively on the
socioeconomic “ actions of Nigeria.
-Federal Ministry of Environment (2014)
42. International Environmental and Climate Justice:
Linkage and Issues
Inequity of Climate Change: Nigeria and the Niger Delta
7. There are plenty of signs that show that Nigeria is highly vulnerable to
climate change “resulting from both its location and the level of human resources
and institutional capacity for adaptation.” Accordingly, mitigation alternatives
need to be developed and implemented and adaptation schemes developed.
Seasonal changes fluctuate in Nigeria depending on location. The current
“extreme weather and climate events such as floods, droughts, desertification,
coastal erosion and salt water intrusion from sea level rise may become severe if
the future projections in the 21 St Century are taken into consideration.”
8. “Climate change also has impacts on human health and vulnerability of
individuals and households [in Nigeria] is increasing.”
9. “In the energy sector [in Nigeria] some of the critical issues include crude oil
and natural gas production, electricity supply and fuel wood utilization. The
exploitations of these resources are sources of environmental concerns in the
country. For instance, growing environmental challenges associated with oil
exploitation in the Niger delta has continued to increase the vulnerability of the
people of the region.”
-Federal Ministry of Environment (2014)
43. International Environmental and Climate Justice:
Linkage and Issues
Inequity of Climate Change: Nigeria and the Niger Delta
10. As a general matter, the exploitation of petroleum
resources in Nigeria in over forty years has caused
“massive injection of hydrocarbons in to the
atmosphere as well as considerable environmental
problems. “ As a result, the oil and gas industry is
extremely relevant as it relates to a debate regarding
climate change caused by GHGs emissions. “The
production of energy in Nigeria is characterized by
inefficiency and inadequacy.”
-Federal Ministry of Environment (2014). Nigeria’s Second National
Communication pursuant to the UNFCCC (2014) is available at
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/nganc2.pdf ):
45. Africa: International Climate Inequity:
Vulnerabilities
“……Climate Change is now recognized as an equity issue because the
world’s poorest people, those who contributed least to atmospheric
buildup of greenhouse gases, are the least equipped to deal with the
negative impacts of climate change. Wealthier nations that have
historically contributed the most to global warming are better able to
adapt to the impacts. Addressing disparities between developed and
developing countries is integral to the success of global climate change
mitigation and adaptation. Sustainable development in Africa cannot
be addressed effectively without accounting for the impacts of climate
change on agriculture, conflicts and disease patterns, all of which have
particular impact on the poor…..”
-Osman-Elasha, B (2009)
46. Africa: International Climate Inequity:
Vulnerabilities
“Africa is a “vulnerability hotspot” for the impacts of climate
change. Its adaptation challenge will grow substantially, even
if the 2020 “Emissions Gap” is closed and global-mean
warming held below a 2 [degrees Celsius] increase above pre-
industrial temperatures. The adaptation challenge for Africa
will be much larger if the emissions gap is not closed and
mitigation beyond 2020 falls short, which likely implies a 4
[degrees Celsius] warmer world at the end of the century. The
level of residual damages grows substantially with increasing
warming levels.”
-AMCEN, UNEP & Climate Analytics (2013)
47. Conclusion/Recommendation
Africa: In Pursuit of International Climate Justice: The
Roadmap
1. The international community, particularly UN member states, Transnational
Corporations, domestic businesses, and every individual in all parts of the world,
particularly in developed countries, all have a role to play to lead in the fight for
International Climate Justice, particularly as it concerns the continent of Africa.
The UNFCCC promotes substantive international Climate Justice themes that can be
used in the pursuit of International Climate Justice, particularly for Africa:
→ Protect the Climate System (Articles 3 & 4) (ensure inter-generational equity and
common but differentiated responsibilities (Article 3(1), consider special needs and
circumstances of developing countries (Article 3(2), take precautionary measures
(Article 3(3), promote sustainable development (Article 3(4) and a supportive and
open international economic system (Article 3(5), and keep commitments and ensure
the transfer technology (Article )).
→ Promote training, education and public awareness (Article 6).
→ Provide financial resources (Article 11).
→ Exchange Climate Change Information (Article 12).
→ Ensure Access to Justice/Settlement of disputes (Articles 13 & 14).
2. “It’s Our Turn to Lead” (global theme for April 22, 2015 Earth Day). Lead on Climate
Justice.
48. Recommendation
Africa: In Pursuit of International Environmental and Climate
Justice: The Roadmap
International environmental and climate justice require that the international community,
particularly UN member states, immediately develop and implement an international
environmental and climate justice binding legal instrument based on fairness, legal equality
of all countries, common but differentiated responsibilities, increased cooperation between
developed and developing countries, and intra and inter generational equity.
The International Community , particularly UN member states, can lead on International
Environmental and Climate Justice in particular by developing and adopting an
international environmental and climate justice binding legal instrument based upon:
Principles of Environmental Justice (1991)
National People of Color, Environmental Leadership Summit, October 24-27 1991. (Available
at http://www.ejnet.org/ej/principles.html)
Bali Principles of Climate Justice (2002)
Approved by a coalition of NGOs and other environmental groups from around the world in
2002. Available at ttp://www.ejnet.org/ej/bali.pdf
Draft Declaration on the Establishment of an International Environmental Justice Legal
Regime (2012)
Tamuno, A (2012). The Legal Roadmap for Environmental Sustainability in Africa: Expansive
Participatory Rights and International Environmental Justice (Unpublished).
49. Recommendation
Africa: In Pursuit of International Environmental
and Climate Justice: The Roadmap
International environmental and Climate Justice requires that
developed countries that have historically contributed the most to
global warming (primarily as a result of GHGs emissions due to
industrialization) owe an ecological debt/carbon debt to developing
countries, particularly developing countries in Africa.
Developed countries can lead on International Environmental and
Climate Justice in particular by providing:
→ [Increased] financial resources to developing countries
(UNFCCC Article 4(3)).
→Assist [at increased levels] with adaptation measures for
developing countries (UNFCCC Article 4(4)).
→Transfer [at increased levels] technology and capacity
building programs to assist developing countries (UNFCCC Article
4(5)).
50. Recommendation
Africa: In Pursuit of International Environmental and
Climate Justice: The Roadmap
Climate Justice “requires that we, as individuals and communities, make
personal and consumer choices to consume as little of Mother Earth's
resources, conserve our need for energy; and make the conscious decision to
challenge and reprioritize our lifestyles, rethinking our ethics with relation to
the environment and the Mother Earth; while utilizing clean, renewable, low
impact energy; and ensuring the health of the natural world for present and
future generations” (Bali Principles of Climate Justice (2002), princ. 26).
Environmental Justice “requires that we, as individuals, make personal and
consumer choices to consume as little of Mother Earth's resources and to
produce as little waste as possible; and make the conscious decision to
challenge and reprioritize our lifestyles to ensure the health of the natural
world for present and future generations.”
(Principles of Environmental Justice (1991), princ. 17).
51. Recommendation
Africa: In Pursuit of International Environmental and
Climate Justice: The Roadmap
International Environmental Justice demands that the amount of waste generated in
each [country] be reduced to the lowest possible levels in order to protect the global
environment and the health of all forms of life on earth…….People in every part of the
world should commit to a life-style change based on respect for earth’s environment
and ecosystems and the conservation of natural resources, and hold their public
officials accountable in the use and management of public goods and resources, and
decry corruption in any form (Draft Declaration on the Establishment of an
International Environmental Justice Legal Regime (Tamuno, 2012 -unpublished)).
In order to safeguard the global environment and climate system, protect the health
of all life-forms on earth, and reduce the impact of GHGs emissions in developing
countries, especially those in Africa, that do not have the skills, capacity, or resources
to undertake adaptation measures, transnational and domestic businesses and every
individual in every part of the world can lead on international environmental and
climate Justice in particular by:
In your community: encourage the reuse of goods, particularly electronics; demand
and promote waste reduction programs and policies to limit the reliance on fossil
fuels; require policies for manufacturers to adopt green manufacturing processes and
develop cradle to cradle product design; and support policies to require cradle to
cradle recycling, and to promote composting and encourage research and education.
52. International Climate Justice: You Successfully Led
(Photo Source: UNEP)
Africa: Namibia: Developing Country Global Success Story: Climate Mitigation:
(First Developing country to submit a “Biennial Update Report” on climate
mitigation measures under the UNFCCC).
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asia-coastal-poor.
