Alternative Energy Profile of Turkey

Alternative Energy
Profile of Turkey
EEE301
Electromechanical
Energy Conversion
Termwork
Ali AYDIN
ELECTRICAL-ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION
1. What is “alternative energy” ?
2. Common Types of Alternative Energy
2.1 Hydro-Electric Energy
2.1.a Hydro-Electric Energy and Turkey
2.2 Natural Gas
2.2.a Natural Gas and Turkey
2.3 Solar Energy
2.3.a Solar Energy and Turkey
2.4 Nuclear Energy
2.4.a Nuclear Energy and Turkey
2.5 Wind Energy
2.5.a Wind Energy and Turkey
2.6 Geothermal Energy
2.6.a Geothermal Energy and Turkey
2.7 Biofuel and Ethanol
2.7.a Biofuel and Turkey
2.8 Hydrogen
2.8.a Hyrogen and Turkey
2.9 Coal
2.9.a Coal and Turkey
3. Overall Statistics

1. What is “alternative
energy” ?
Alternative energy is an umbrella term that refers to any source of
usable energy intended to replace fuel sources without the
undesired consequences of the replaced fuels . [1]

1. What is “alternative
energy” ?
Common Definitons For Alternative Energy

Source

Definiton

Material Management Services

Fuel sources that are other than those
derived from fossil fuels. Typically used
interchangeably for renewable energy.
Examples include: wind, solar, biomass,
wave and tidal energy.[2]

Oxford Dictioanry

Energy fuelled in ways that do not use up
natural resources or harm the
environment.[3]

Natural Resources Defense
Council

Energy that is not popularly used and is
usually environmentally sound, such as
solar or wind energy (as opposed to fossil
fuels). [4]

2.Common Types of
Alternative Energy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Hydro-Electric Energy
Natural Gas
Solar Energy
Nuclear Energy
Wind Energy
Geothermal Energy
Biofuel and Ethanol
Hydrogen
Coal

[5]

2.1. Hydro-Electric
Energy
Hydro-Electric Energy
Hydroelectric energy is generated from dammed water that drives a
water turbine and generator. The power of the water of a tide creates
pressure that will turn either a turbine or a water wheel is able to provide
energy to the electric generator. .
[6]

2.1. Hydro-Electric
Energy
Advantages & Disadvantages
•

•

.

Hydroelectric Energy has some advantages. First, water can be
held in order to provide for times of less water. This is a difference from
the other forms of alternative energy since with hydroelectric energy
you have the ability to accumulate the water. This means that the
energy can be generated consistently. Hydroelectric power, like wind,
solar, and geothermal energy, has no waste or pollution. Additionally, it
is renewable because the water can be reused.
Disadvantages of hydroelectric energy include that the dams can
be rather expensive to build. There also needs to be enough supply of
water to create energy, and that supply of water needs to be powerful. [6]

2.1.a Hydro-Electric
Energy and Turkey
Because Turkey has really wide water sources and does not have
significant oil and gas resources the hydro-electric energy has the main
role in the energy activities with the coal. Actually coal has bigger
percentage of supporting electricity production but not only with the
locas sources , because Turkey also imports coal .
There are about 503 hydro-electric power plants in Turkey already
created or being structured recently .
[7]

2.1.a. Hydro-Electric
Energy and Turkey

[8]

2.2. Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural gas is a fossil fuel. It does, however, have some differences. It
does not produce carbon dioxide, which is the main greenhouse
gas. This makes natural gas a better option. There is also still a rather
large supply of natural gas in the world. [6]
Natural gas is found in areas with other fossil fuels, and can even be
created by other organisms. Most of the natural gas in the world is
produces in North American and Asia, with several other developed
countries producing large amounts :

2.2 Natural Gas
There are several advantages to using natural gas, including the reduces
environmental damage, cost, and ease of use, since many homes and
businesses could easily be converted to use natural gas. There are
disadvantages, just like anything else. It does still releases greenhouse
gases, and the process to isolate methane is quite complex.

2.2.a. Natural Gas and
Turkey
As of the end of 2009, our remaining exploitable natural gas reserve is
6,2 billion m³. Our installed power in natural gas is 14.576 MW, which
corresponds to 32,7% of our total installed power.
According to studies on natural gas supply-demand balance, there is no
problem until 2011 to meet the annual gas demand. But during winter
months, when demand is high, disruptions in source or route countries
may create seasonal imbalances of supply and demand.
In this context, commissioning in 2007 of Silivri natural gas depot, which
has a capacity of 1,6 billion m³, has been very beneficial for ensuring
availability of seasonal supply
[7]

Turkey
Turkey has not so big
reserves of Natural gas , so the
demand for natural gas is
being supplied by importing
natural gas with the pipelines .
In the figure you can see how
the reserves of Turkey are
going down year by year .

Turkey
Natural Gas’s

Production Capasity

Consumption Capasity

[10]

Turkey
Here you can see the pipelines which provide gas to Turkey :

[8]

2.3. Solar Energy
Solar Energy
Solar energy is created by trapping the sun's rays into solar cells where
the sunlight is changed into electricity. Solar energy is most commonly
used for producing electricity, getting the salt out of water, heating, and
cooking.
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land
masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. Solar energy
can be harnessed in different levels around the world. Depending on a
geographical location the closer to the equator the more "potential" solar
energy is available. [11]

2.4. Solar Energy
One advantage is that as long as we have a sun, its energy is
renewable. Secondly, like wind power, it does not contribute to pollution
and keeps our world clean. Solar energy is a very practical form of energy
for lighting and heating.
Just like wind power, solar power also has the disadvantage of
inconsistency. There are sunny days and of course also cloudy days !

2.4.a. Solar Energy
and Turkey
•
Having a high potential for solar energy due to its geographical
position, Turkey's average annual total sunshine duration is calculated as
2.640 hours (daily total is 7,2 hours), and average total radiation pressure
as 1.311 kWh/m²-year (daily total is 3,6 kWh/m²). Solar energy potential is
calculated as 380 billion kWh/year.
•
The amount of solar collectors installed in our country is roughly 12
million m² with a technical solar energy potential of 76 TEP, and annual
generation volume is 750.000 m², part of which is exported.
•
In our country, installed solar cell capacity, which is used mostly in
public bodies for supplying small amounts of power and for research
purposes, has reached 1 MW.
[7]

2.4.a. Solar Energy
and Turkey

[8]

2.4. Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is energy created through atoms. By either splitting
atoms (fission) or merging them (fusion), it creates energy from the
reaction. [6] Nuclear energy, while it does produce a large amount of
power, has several other hazards. Nuclear energy creates dangerous
nuclear waste which is difficult to deal with. It must be stored in a secure
location until it can be properly dealt with.

2.4. Nuclear Energy
One of the big advantages of nuclear energy is the amount of power it
can produce from one plant, although the cost for building one is quite
high. The dangerous effects nuclear power can have on people or the
environment have led many of the more developed countries to steer away
from the use of nuclear energy until the risks can be eliminated. For
example The Chernobyl incident which caused many deaths of people and
harm to the environment. [6]

2.4.a. Nuclear Energy
and Turkey
Next to global developments that make renewable energy sources more
common spread, nuclear energy investment projects are also gaining
impetus worldwide.
Turkey currently has no nuclear power plant , but the development in
both economy and technology we are getting ready to get in the area of
nuclear energy .
On May 2010, an intergovernmental agreement was signed between
Turkey and Russia regarding the construction a nuclear power plant in
Mersin-Akkuyu. [7]

2.4.a. Nuclear Energy
and Turkey
Also there is another block to work with nuclear energy in Turkey :
There is a law which does not let nuclear power plants to be structured .
Based on electricity energy supply and demand projections, it is
targeted by 2020 that nuclear power plants will have a minimum of 5%
share in electricity production. To that end, Law No. 5710 on Construction
and Operation of Nuclear Power Plants and Law on Sale of Energy (2007)
were enacted.[7] Below you can see the nuclear resources of Turkey :

2.5. Wind Energy
Wind Energy
Wind is a natural energy source. When the wind blows, the blades of the
turbine rotate. The rotation is then converted into an electrical current
through the use of an electrical generator. [6] These wind turbines are
usually built on wind farms. Electrical currents today are harnessed by
large wind farms that are used by national electrical grids. They are also
used on a smaller scale for providing electricity to smaller homes or
locations.

2.5. Wind Energy
There are a number of advantages to using wind power. First, it produces
no pollution. This means there are no harmful by-products and our
environment stays healthy. Secondly, wind energy is a renewable source, so
we will never run out of wind. Third, wind turbines can be placed on farms in
which livestock are raised. There are also some disadvantages and concerns
about wind energy: Once concern is that wind power is not constant. Another
concern is that some people believe
that the wind turbines are ugly and they do not want them around. [6]

2.5.a. Wind Energy and
Turkey
• World's wind resource is estimated as 53 TWh/year, and presently the
total installed wind energy power is 40.301 MW. One third of this power is
in Germany
• With Turkey Wind Energy Potential Atlas (REPA), which was realized in
2007, it is calculated that our country has a minimum wind energy
potential of 5.000 MW in regions with annual wind speed of 8,5 m/s and
higher, and 48.000 MW with wind speed higher than 7,0 m/s.
• Our installed power for wind energy reached the level of 802,8 MW as
of the end of 2009. Upon taking effect of the Renewable Energy Law,
licenses were granted to 93 new wind projects which deliver a total
installed power of 3.363 MW. Out of these projects, powers plants which
correspond to an installed power of 1.100 MW are presently under
construction.
[7]

Turkey
Installed power development via wind power . [12]

Turkey

[8]

2.6. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is the natural energy formed by the earth. The hot
rocks that are under the ground heat the water to produce steam. Then
you can drill holes in this area, causing the steam to shoot up and drive
turbines. The turbines then power electric generators.

[6]

2.6. Geothermal Energy
Just as wind and solar power, geothermal energy does not pollute or cause
harmful by-products. A geothermal plant is a very self-sufficient energy
source once it has been built. These plants are typically rather small and do
not have much affect on the beauty of the landscape.
As usual, there are always some negatives. If the geothermal plant is not
produced correctly, there can be pollutants. Also, if the drilling is not done
correctly, there will be hazardous minerals and gases released into the air. [6]

2.6.a. Geothermal Energy
and Turkey
Since Turkey is located on the
Alpine-Himalayan belt, it holds a
substantially high geothermal
potential. Geothermal potential of
our country is 31.500 MW. Areas with
potential are concentrated in
Western Anatolia (77,9%). By this
day, 13% of said potential (4.000 MW)
has been made available by MTA
General Directorate of our Ministry.
While 1.500 MW of our geothermal
energy potential is assessed to be
suitable for electricity generation,
finalized data is so far 600 MW. As of
the end of 2009, our installed power
Denizli Kizildere Geothermal Power plant
of geothermal energy reached
around 77,2 MW. [7]

2.6.a. Geothermal Energy
and Turkey

[8]

2.7. Biofuels and Ethanol
Biofuels and Ethanol
Biofuels are fuels that are made
from animals or plants. They may
include methane from animal
waste, wood chippings, or
wood. Today ethanol has been
getting a lot of attention for its use
in combination with gasoline for
transportation use. [6]
There are various types of
biofuels, mainly being used to
power machines, for cooking, and
to heat homes. The technology
used to create and utilize biofuels
is still fairly new, but is gaining
popularity in Europe, Asia, and
America.

2.7. Biofuels and Ethanol
One of the big advantages of biofuels is the fact that they can be
renewable. Ethanol, which is made from corn, can be made as long as there
is a steady supply of corn. Biofuels are also less hazardous on the
environment
One of the disadvantages is the amount of resources it takes to make a
biofuel. It costs more and takes more resources to make a gallon of ethanol
than it takes to make a gallon of gas. It also takes fossil fuels to grow and
harvest the corn to make the biofuel.
[6]

2.7.a. Biofuels and
Turkey
•
There are currently four bio-ethanol production facilities established in
Turkey. However, only one of them actively operates. This facility uses
mostly corn and very rarely wheat as a raw material.
• The total capacity of the sector is currently 160,000 MT and the total
production in 2009 was 40,000 MT and it is predicted to continue to remain at
this level through 2010 and 2011. Approximately 150,000 MT of corn was used
to produce 40,000 MT bio-ethanol in 2009. [7]
• The Turkish public and commercial transportation sector uses only diesel
for fuel. Turkish regulations do not allow bio-diesel producers to sell biodiesel directly to users.
• Since the producers do not have direct sales licenses, they must sell
products to petroleum distribution companies whose licenses give them
authority to sell bio-diesel to gas stations or to consumers. [13]

2.7.a. Biofuels and
Turkey
Bifuel acitivites of Turkey

[13]

2.8. Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen fuel is used primarily in batteries, and while it hasn't been
profitable yet, it is promising. This type of alternative energy is used primarily
in batteries, by combining oxygen and hydrogen to create power. The only
by-product is water vapor, instead of dangerous and damaging carbon
dioxide.

2.8. Hydrogen
If there was an easier way to produce the hydrogen needed for the reaction
in the batteries, hydrogen would be a great energy source Hydrogen so far
has not proven to be a very profitable energy source since it takes “more
energy to manufacture than the hydrogen actually produces.” It is, however,
a very good fuel for the environment and has turned out to be a good energy
source for vehicles. [6]

2.8.a. Hydrogen and
Turkey
Turkey is not well-known with
hydrogen energy , but in last few
years hydrogen energy is one the
target energy area of it .
The first project of its kind in
Turkey, the Bozcaada Hydrogen
Island project was installed in
Bozcaada Governor's building by the
International Centre for Hydrogen
Energy Technologies (ICHET), a
United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO)
project supported by the Turkish
Ministry of Energy and Natural
Resources (MENR) in 07 October
2011.
[9]
Turkey’s first step into the Hydrogen world !

2.9. Coal
Lignite Reserve
Regions in Turkey

Reserve
Amount

Afsin-Elbistan*

1.915
million
tons

Elbistan*

420 million
tons

Konya-Karapinar

1.280
million
tons

Thrace

498 million
tons

Manisa-Soma-Eynez

170 million
tons

Eskişehir-Alpu

As shown in the table, total reserves of
newfound lignite is 4,138 billion tons.
Together with the newfound reserves our
country's total lignite reserves increased
from 8,3 tons to 12,4 tons.

275 million
tons

Out of total electricity energy produced
by the end of August 2009, around 29%
was from imported and domestic coal.
Out of coal fired electricity production
by the end of August, 27% comes hard
coal and imported coal, while 73% comes
from domestic lignite coal.

*Lignite from Afsin-Elbistan is within a lower heating value
of 1000 to 1500 kcal/kg. About half of the total lignite
reserve of our country is in this region.

[7]

2.9.a. Coal and Turkey

[8]

Young coal sources

Old coal sources

Energy Intensity of Turkey comparing with the other countries

[8]


Inverstment costs figure

[8]

Renewablehydro,solar,
wind… %4

Renewablehydro,solar,
wind… %17

coal

Natural gas
Natural gas
coal

oil

forestry
oil

forestry

[10]

Production Capasity

Consumption Capasity

So %75 of our energy is
imported

Installed power development via sources . [12]
h
y
r
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
Lingite
i
c

hyroelectric

Natural gas

coal


Change in Electricity Production of Turkey Per Year with Several Sources
Natural Gas

Coal

Lignte

Nafta

Fuel - oil

Lpg

Diesel

[10]

Hydro +
Geothermal

Natural gas

Wind

coal

Lignite

Oil

Ratios of the Alternatife Energy Sources in electricity production
(2006)
In 2011 there is also about 1.5 % ratio for the wind power

[10]

References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]

^ On site renewable energy options (http://www.icax.co.uk/alternative_energy.html)
^ MMS. Definitions / Material and Management Services
^ Oxford Dictioanry / Concise OED Alternative Energy
^ NRDC. Glossary / Natural Resources Defence Council
^ Alternative Energy Links / http://www.iowajatc.org/Alternate%20Energy.html
^ Types of Alternative Energy /website / http://typesofalternativeenergy.com/
^ Republic of Turkey Ministry Energy and Natural Resources - webpage
http://www.enerji.gov.tr/index.php?dil=en&sf=webpages&b=enerji_EN&bn=215&hn=&nm=40717&i
d=40717
[8] ^ Energy Efficiency : The Shortest Route to a Stronger Future , Southeast Europe and Caucaus /
June 3-4 2010 / Hilton / Istanbul / TURKEY - Zorlu Energy
[9] ^Unido-Ichet Bozcaada Hyrogen Island Porject /The International Centre for Hydrogen Energy
Technologies (ICHET) is a project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization
(UNIDO) , Oktober 2011
[10 ^ World Energy Council – Turkish National Commitee , 2007-2008 Turkish Energy

Report , December 2008
[11] ^ "Darmstadt University of Technology solar decathlon home design".

Darmstadt
University of Technology -2007
[12] ^ Tukey Electric Energy Market and 2010-2011,Expectations and Developments,July 2010
[13] ^Turkey Bio-fuels Annual Report 2010 , Policy and Programs

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