4. Residual alveolar ridge:
the bony process that remain after teeth have been lost is known as
residual alveolar ridge which is covered by mucous membrane. It is
considered to be as a primary stress bearing area.
5.
6. Maxillary tuberosity:
is the most posterior part of the alveolar ridge; it lies distal to the position
of the last molar. It is a bulbous mass of mucous membrane that overlies a
bony tuberosity. The maxillary tuberosity is important from a denture
standpoint because it is considered a secondary stress-bearing area and
because surgery must be considered when the tuberosity is extremely
large and compromises the clearance necessary for opposing dentures.
7.
8. canine eminence:
It is a bony prominence in both the maxilla and mandible that denotes
the roots of the canine teeth. The eminences of the upper jaw raise the
upper lip; its loss leads to the sagging of the lip associated with aging.
9.
10. The incisive papilla:
It is a small tubercle located on the palatal side between the two central
incisors.
It overlies the incisive foramen, through which the incisive nerve and
blood vessels exit. Because of the sensitivity of this structure, care
must be taken when inserting the maxillary denture to relieve almost all
pressure in this area.
11.
12. The torus palatinus:
when present is a bony prominence of variable size and shape, which is
located in the middle of the hard palate. Because the tissue overlying a
palatal torus is usually very thin, and the torus is very rigid, any
pressure caused by a maxillary denture during chewing and swallowing
will often traumatize the tissue and lead to irritation and ulceration.
Care must be taken during insertion to relieve any pressure to the torus
caused by the denture.
13.
14. The midpalatine raphe:
It is a line in the middle of the mucosa of the hard palate that overlies
the mid-palatine bony suture. The tissue in this area is very thin and
any pressure from a denture will not be tolerated in most patients. Care
must be taken when inserting the denture to provide necessary relief.
15. The fovea palatini:
They are two depressions that lie bilateral to the midline of the palate,
at the approximate junction between the soft and hard palate. They
denote the sites of opening of ducts of small mucous glands of the
palate. They are often useful in the identification of the vibrating line
because they generally occur within 2 mm of the vibrating line.
16.
17. The hamular process, or Hamulus, is a bony projection of the medial
plate of the pterygoid bone and is located distal to the maxillary
tuberosity. Lying between the maxillary tuberosity and the Hamulus is
a groove called the hamular notch.
This notch is a key clinical landmark in maxillary denture construction
because the maximum posterior extent of the denture is the vibrating
line that runs bilaterally through the hamular notches.
18.
19. The vibrating line:
It is very important to locate for proper construction of the maxillary
complete denture. Although the vibrating line can be considered as the
junction between the hard and soft palates and is important because it
is the maximum posterior limit to the maxillary denture. This line runs
from about 2 mm buccal to the center of the hamular notch on one side
of the arch, follows the junction of the hard and soft palates across the
palate, and ends about 2 mm buccal to the center of the opposite
hamular notch.
20.
21. Labial frenum:
It is a fold of mucous membrane extends from the mucosal lining of
upper lip to the labial surface of the residual ridge. The frenum may be
single or multiple, narrow or broad.
22.
23. Buccal frenum:
A fold or folds of mucous membrane varies in size and shapes. It
extends from the buccal mucous membrane reflection area toward the
crest of the residual alveolar ridge.
24.
25. Labial vestibule:
It extends on both sides of the labial frenum to the buccal frenum,
bounded by the upper lip and residual alveolar ridge. The reflection of
the mucous membrane superiorly determines the height of the
vestibule. It contains no muscle fibers. In the denture the area that fills
this space is known as labial flange.
26. Buccal vestibule:
It is the space distal to the buccal frenum. It is bounded by cheek and
the residual alveolar ridge. The area of the denture which fill this space
is known as buccal flange. The stability and retention of the denture are
greater enhanced if the vestibule space properly filled with the flange
distally.
