1. Literature IARC Classification NIOSH Recomendation Additional Toxicologic Concern Risk Normalized Range Goniewicz, 20139 Ochta, 201112 Uchiyama, 201014 Laugesen, 201311 Williams, 201315 Schripp, 201313 Kozmider, 201310 Geiss, 20148
Units ppm ppm ug/150 puffs mg/m3 mg/m3 ppm/38ml puff ug/10 puffs ug/puff ng/15puffs ug/13 puffs
Formaldehyde Group 1
20 ppm - IDLH,
sensitization at 0.3 ppm
respiratory, ocular, dermal, nephro-toxicity ND - 49.66368 3.2 to 56.1 ND to 61 8.3 0.25 ND to 59 0.25 to 0.31
Acetaldehyde Group 2B
2000 ppm - IDLH, 25 ppm
TLV
respiratory, ocular toxicity ND - 26.64090 2.0 to 13.6 ND to 48 11 0.34 ND to 107 0.10 to 0.51
Acrolein Group 3 2 ppm - IDLH, .1 ppm PEL respiratory, ocular toxicity ND - 15.70103 ND to 41.9 ND to 36 9.3 ND to 0.33 0.07 to 0.18
Methyl benzaldehyde not listed no data
an irritant to dermis and mucous
membranes
0.00012 - 0.00068 1.3 to 7.1
Acetone not listed 2500 ppm - IDLH, minimal ND - 1.22082 2.9 0.16 ND to 296 0.04 to 0.11
Toluene Group 3
500 ppm - IDLH, 20 ppm
TWA-TLV
Reproductive/ development, nervous
systems, respiratory system, eyes
ND - 0.0006 ND to 6.3
Xylene Group 3 150 ppm - STEL Nervous system, respiratory system, eyes ND - 0.41456 ND 0.2 0.18
Propylene glycol not listed no data minimal ND - 102.8256 32 1673 to 5525 ND to 12.9
Glycerin not listed 10,000 ppm - PEL minimal 0.03146 - 0.09945 5 to 15 14.3 to 45.2
Cd Group 1 2 ppm - TWA-TLV respiratory, nephro-toxicity ND - 0.00002 ND to 0.22
Ni Group 2B 0.42 ppm TWA-TLV Immune system toxicity 0.00001 - 0.00003 0.11 to 0.29 0.005
Pb Group 2A 11.8 ppm - IDLH
Developmental neurotoxicity,
carcinogenicity, cardiovascular toxicity
0.00003 - 0.00005 0.3 to 0.57 0.017
Cr
Cr III is Group 3,
Cr VI is Group 1
Cr III: 117.56 ppm - IDLH respiratory toxicity 0.007
David Faulkner, Breanna Ford, Brian Rodriguez, Ali Zahir
E-cig Group, PH270C Practical Toxicology (Spring 2015)
University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
Hazards Compounds and Risk Characterization of Vapor
Methods
References
Risk Characterization of E-Cigarette Vapor in American Youth
E-cigarettes (e-cigs) are still largely uncharacterized and unregulated, with
most risk evaluations comparing e-cigs to traditional cigarettes. A number
of studies have quantized the hazardous compounds found in e-cig vapor
but little is known about the actual risk e-cigs present to youth. Our
research project aims to:
1) Investigate available data related to e-cigs and their use
2) Characterize the risk posed by compounds in e-cig vapor
3) Provide recommendations for future research and regulations
Introduction
• Standardize experimental methods in e-cigarette vapor testing
• Address data gaps on actual use patterns of e-cigarettes, such as concurrent
use with cigarettes and cartridge modification
• Partner with industry to develop product safety standards
• Careful evaluation of how and why adolescents are vaping more
Future DirectionsConclusions
History
Current Use in Youth
Recent studies have shown that prevalence of ever-use and current use of e-
cigs among adolescents has steadily increased in recent years. Due to their
initially perceived safety and recent addition to the market, regulations on e-
cigs are only now being developed.
The FDA has proposed currently pending legislation which would require
disclosure of ingredients used in e-cig liquids, proof of safety of those
ingredients, and regulation of the devices used to vaporize and deliver the
liquid, and ban the sale of e-cigs to any individual under the age of 18.
1. Arrazola RA, et al. MMWR Morbidity Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64:381-385
2. Ayers JW, et al. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011; 40:448–53.
3. Camenga DR, et al. Addictive Behaviors 2014; 39:338–40
4. Carroll Chapman SL, & Wu LT. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2014; 54:43–54
5. Cheng T. Tobacco Control 2014; 23:ii11-ii17.
6. Corey C, et al. MMWR Morbidity Mortal Wkly Rep 2013; 62:729-30
7. Dutra LM & Glantz SA. JAMA Pediatr. 2014; 168:610-617
8. Geiss O, et al. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2015; 218:160-80
9. Goniewicz ML, et al. Tob Control 2013; 0:1-7
10. Kosmider L, et al. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2013
11. Laugesen M. Safety Report on the Ruyan E-cigarette Cartridge and Inhaled Aerosol. Health New Zealand
Ltd 2008; heathnz.co.nz
12. Ohta K, et al. Bunski Kagaku 2011; 60:791-7
13. Schripp T, et al. Indoor Air 2013; 23:25-31
14. Uchiyama S, et al. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4383-8
15. Williams M, et al. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57987
Our analysis concluded that there is a high risk of
adverse health outcomes from hazardous compounds in
e-cig vapor and that new regulations are needed to
protect current and potential adolescent users.
1) Investigate available data related to e-cigs and their use
• E-cig use is rapidly increasing among youth, and expected to keep increasing
• More young users are using e-cigs recreationally rather than using them to quit
smoking traditional cigarettes
• The perception by youth is that e-cigs are safe
2) Risks posed by compounds known to be in e-cig vapor
• Quantity of compounds in e-cig vapor varied greatly between brands and studies
• Some compounds posed health risk at levels found in e-cig vapor
3) Provide recommendations for future research and regulations
• Regulate marketing and advertising of e-cigarettes in the internet sector
• FDA should promptly exercise its statutory authority and regulate e-cigarettes
Regulations
Hazardous compounds found in the vapor of e-cigs during a single session associated with toxicity guidelines and quantities found in e-cig vapor for a single session.
Abbreviations: BDL, below detectable limit; ND, no detected; IDHL, Immediately Dangerous and Hazardous for Life; PEL, Permissible Exposure Limit; STEL, Short Term Exposure Limit (spot exposure for a duration of 15
minutes, that cannot be repeated more than 4 times per day with at least 60 minutes between exposure periods); TLV-TWA, Threshold Limit Value Time-weighted Average (10 hours a day, maximum; 40 hours per week).
2003
Hon Lik invents
the first e-cigarette
2010
New Jersey becomes the
first state in the U.S. to ban
sales of e-cigs to minors
2012
Percentage of adolescents
to ever use e-cigs
increases to 6.8%
2008-2011
e-cigarette sales
increase from $20
million to $195 million
2011
Studies show that
percentage of
adolescents to ever
use e-cigs is 3.8%
2014
FDA proposes to extend
authority of Food, Drug
and Cosmetics Act in order
to classify e-cigs as a
tobacco containing product
2015
CDC shows threefold increase
in adolescent e-cig use
E-cigs remain unregulated at
the federal level and in most
states
Photo by Patrisyu
1.1
2.1
0.9
2.3
1.1
2
4.5
13.4
0
3
6
9
12
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Percentreportingcurrentuse(%)
Adolescents and current use of e-cigs
Corey, 2013 Camenga, 2014 Dutra, 2014 Arrazola, 20156 3 7 1
Risk Conclusions
and
Recommendations
USE & PREVALENCE
Analysis of literature on
exposure, use, policies
and regulations
DATA
NORMALIZATION
Literature review for 13
compounds
Data Normalization to
PPM RISK
CHARACTERIZATION
Assessment of quantity
of compounds with
hazard traits and
suggested exposure
limits
Low risk Moderate risk High risk