A Presentation By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com

3. WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment
and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by:
• conserving the world’s biological diversity.
• ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable.
• promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.

4. WWF - Pakistan
32
WWF is working on 21
projects with 32 offices
scattered all over Pakistan.
1970
WWF was founded in 1970
+ 350
WWF has over 350
staff in Pakistan
US$ 8 million
WWF -Pak has an annual
budget of US$ 8 million.

5. WWF Network Meta-Goals
Reduce
Footprint
Protect
Biodiversity
We’re here to stop the
degradation of our planet’s
natural environment, and
build a future where
people live in harmony with
nature.
We do this by
Reducing our footprint
on the natural world by
challenging wasteful
consumption and pollution
and promoting
sustainability.
Protecting biodiversity
the magnificent array of
living things that inhabit
our planet, and the places
they live.
How we do it?

6. The Global 200
The Global 200 is a
ranking of the World’s
most biologically
outstanding
terrestrial, freshwater
and marine
ecosystems.
Five of these Eco-
regions are found in
Pakistan:
• Rann of Kutch
Flooded Grasslands
• Tibetan Plateau
• Western Himalaya
Forest
• Indus Delta

7. Marine
SpeciesClimate Change
ToxicsFreshwater
Forests
Global Priority Issues of WWF

8. Ghulam Rasool Mughal. All Rights Reserved
Approaches of WWF
• Work in partnership and build capacity of partners
• Integrating conservation & development
• Involve local communities
• Research based solutions

9. • 350 staff
• 30+ offices
• Annual Budget 5
Million

10. Building Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation
in Coastal Areas of Pakistan
www.wwfpak.org/ccap

11. • Pakistan contributes very little (135th
) to Green House
Gases (GHGs) but remains one of the most vulnerable
country. It contributes only about 0.8% of the total
global GHG emissions.
• Biggest contributor is the energy sector with 50%
share, followed by the agriculture sector (39% share),
industrial processes (6% share) and other activities (5%
share)
• Impact of climatic changes encompass varied areas
such biodiversity, agriculture, fisheries, forests, water,
energy, food, natural disasters, etc.
• This could directly impact country’s national, food,
water and energy security
11
Climate Change in Pakistan

12. Climate Change in Pakistan
• Pakistan is particularly vulnerable to Climate
Change,
• Visible changes in hydrological cycle have
been observed in the form of
– Changing precipitation pattern
– Droughts
– Water availability periods
– Frequency and intensity of heat waves
– Precipitation events
– Weather-induced natural disasters.
Building Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Areas of Pakistan

13. The Long-Term Climate Risk Index (CRI): Results (annual averages) in
specific indicators in the 10 countries most affected in 1991 to 2010
Source:Germanwatch
13

14. The Climate Risk Index for 2010: the 10 Most Affected Countries
Source:Germanwatch 14

15. Present Climatic Indicators:
Temperature
• Average annual temperature over Pakistan
increased by 0.6 °C during the last century,
with the temperature increase over northern
Pakistan being higher than over southern
Pakistan (0.8 °C versus 0.5 °C)
• Global Circulation Models (GCMs) outputs:
Source: Report of Task Force on Climate Change, February 2010
Year Expected temperature increase
2020s 1.3 – 1.5 °C
2050s 2.5 – 2.8 °C
2080s 3.9 – 4.4 °C
15

16. Annual Temperature Variation
Building Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Areas of Pakistan
Past 50 years’ daily temp (weighted annual averages) – rise after ‘00, excepting ’05.
Trend due partly to severest El-Nino yet (>4⁰C above normal heating of East-
Equatorial Pacific water

17. Implications
Increase in maximum and minimum temperatures in the
winter season results in shorter winters as well longer
summers
Reduce the length of the growing season for crops
Hastens the biological life cycle of crops
 Plants undergo accelerated maturity without reaching the
appropriate size or height
Reduced economic yields
 This trend is observable in the case of wheat.
Building Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Areas of Pakistan

18. Present Climatic Indicators:
Precipitation
• Precipitation over Pakistan increased on the
average by 25%. However, there is expected
no significant change in annual precipitation in
near future
• It is projected that climate change will
increase the variability of monsoon rains
resulting into increased frequency and
severity of floods and droughts
Source: Report of Task Force on Climate Change, February 2010
18

19. Existing policy, institutional and
legislative structure
• Pakistan’s environmental policy framework is
based on the Pakistan Environment Protection
Act 1997 (PEPA)
• Ministry of Climate Change has been
established
• “Inter-ministerial Committee on Climate
Change” was established in 2008
• In 2008, Planning Commission established a
Task Force on Climate Change
19

20. • National Climate Change Policy 2012 provides
framework for addressing climatic issues
• Drinking and National Water Policy, National
Sustainable Development Strategy, National
Rangeland Policy, Pakistan Water Sector
Strategy, Punjab Urban Water and Sanitation
Policy are few in the list of many policy
documents
Existing policy, institutional and
legislative structure….contd.
20

21. • Pakistan is divided into three hydrological
units:
– the Indus basin, covering an area of over
566,000 km2
(70% of the surveyed area in the
country),
– the Kharan desert in west Balochistan with its
inland drainage, and
– the arid Makran coast along the Arabian Sea in
the South
National Scenario: Hydrological Units
Source: Pakistan Initial Communication on Climate Change
21

22. 22
Indus Irrigation System

23. National Scenario: Forests
• Forest in Pakistan is diverse because of varied
ecological zones and environment variations
• Total estimated area under forest cover is
around 4.22 million hectares, which comprises
of 4.8% total landmass
• It is envisaged to increase forest cover from
4.9% of the total land area in 2005 to 5.2% in
2010 and 6.0% by 2015
• Pakistan is gifted with diverse habitats that
are home to varied animal and plant life
Source: State of Forests and Forestry in Pakistan; Shahid Rashid Awan and Asghar
Khan July 2009
23

24. Disaster Management Systems
• National Disaster Management (NDM) Act 2010
provides a complete institutional mechanism of
pre, during and post disaster management at
federal, provincial and district levels
• National Disaster Management Council (NDMC) is
an apex body in the field of disaster management
under the chairmanship of Prime Minister
• National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA) is the leading implementing agency
headed by Chairman/Director General
24

25. Water Security Socioeconomic
• Water Sector: Current Status and Vulnerability
– Pakistan is extremely short of fresh water resources.
– Water-stressed country water availability heading towards
less than 1000 cubic meter/y by 2035 (WB 2006).
– Pakistan’s primary sources of water are rainfall (50 maf )
by monsoon and westerly winds and river inflows (141
maf) in the Indus River System fed by glaciers and
snowmelt from the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalayas.
– The shares of main contributing rivers to the IRS in
Pakistan are:
• Indus: 44%, Chenab: 19%, Jhelum: 16%, Kabul: 16% and Others:
5% (see Figure 5.1).
• The per capita availability of river water, which was 5,650 cubic
meter/y in 1951 and 1000 cubic meter/y in 2010, is expected to
decline further to 800 cubic meter/y in 2026.
25

26. Vulnerabilities of The Indus
Delta due to Climate
Change• The Indus Delta is a fertile region located in
climatically arid zone of intense heat and highly
variable annual rainfall
• Deltaic region is vulnerable to climate change
induced problems which include:
– Droughts and floods
– Saline water intrusion
– Coastal erosion
– Increased crop water requirement
Building Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Areas of Pakistan

27. Precipitation
Inter-annual variability of precipitation over Pakistan during the last century and first decade of 21st
century. Climate Research Unit (CRU) data used to downscale Pakistan’s regional precipitation
Building Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Areas of Pakistan
Past 50 years Indus Ecoregion trends (droughts eg, 68-69 and 71-74), has damaged crops,
ecosystem services, etc.
In this case, the real time precipitation records of 56 meteorological stations have been incorporated

28. Sea Surface Temperature
• Pakistan receives rainfall in summer mainly from
weather systems formed over the North Arabian
Sea and the Bay of Bengal
• Frequency and intensity of Tropical Cyclones has
increased
• Analysis revealed that the Bay of Bengal was
warmer than the North Arabian Sea till mid
1990s.
• The trend started inverting and now the latter is
slightly warmer than the former.
Building Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Areas of Pakistan

29. Sea Surface Temperature
Inter-annual variation of sea surface temperature over the North Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal
in June from 1982 to 2011
Building Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Areas of Pakistan

30. Sea Level Rise
There is evidence of sea level rise along the
Pakistan coast
• Effects include:
– Coastal erosion;
– Wetland and coastal plain flooding;
– Inundation of deltaic plains;
– Salinization of aquifers and soils;
– Loss of habitats for fish, birds, and other wildlife and
plants
Building Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Areas of Pakistan

31. Coastal Erosion

32. 1.2 million acre
land in Indus
Delta is under
water intrusion
App. 4,544 ha
agriculture land
has been
destroyed along
Humbas Wali
creek since 1952
This area was
irrigated through
Ochito River by
regular flow of
Indus River up to
1960s
Change/Shift in agricultural activities
Agriculture land in 1952 Agriculture land in 2006
Humbas Wali creek

33. Sea Intrusion and Coastal Erosion
• 0.5 million hectares of
fertile land in Thatta
district alone (or 12% of
the entire cultivated area
of the province) is affected
by sea intrusion.
• Lives of about 400,000
fishermen families are
threatened
• Rangeland depletion,
shortage of fodder and
food crops, reduction in
potable water, losses to
livestock production are
translating into out
migration of local
population.

34. Rapid Glaciers Retreat
• Pakistan’s rivers are predominantly fed by Hindu Kush,
Karakoram and Himalyan glaciers. These are receding due to
rising temperatures
Building Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Areas of Pakistan
Siachen Glacier (largest glacier of HKH) retreated by 5.9 km during 21
years and lost 17% ice mass

35. Extreme Weather Events
Recent extreme weather events which inflicted great loss to
the socio-economic sector
Cloudburst Events 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008,2009, 2010, 2011
Prolonged Drought 1999-2002
Historic River Flooding 2010
Tropical Cyclones 1999,2007,2009,2010, 2011
 Severe Urban Flooding 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
2011
Heat Waves in Spring 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 (Reduced the
wheat yield)
Snowmelt flooding 2005, 2007 and 2010
Drought at sowing stage 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 and
2011
Building Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Areas of Pakistan

36. 36
Thank you
www.wwfpak.org/ccap