Food Security Situation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province a case Study by Al

4. Food SecurityFood Security
With Reference to National Program for Food SecurityWith Reference to National Program for Food Security
A Case StudyA Case Study
Productivity Enhancement of Small Farmers in 1012Productivity Enhancement of Small Farmers in 1012
VillagesVillages
CMP II ProjectCMP II Project
Mr. Allah Dad KhanMr. Allah Dad Khan
Provincial Project DirectorProvincial Project Director
NWFPNWFP
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock IslamabadMinistry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock Islamabad
Dated 5Dated 5thth
March 2009 at PARD PeshawarMarch 2009 at PARD Peshawar

5. Food SecurityFood Security
“Food security exists when all
people, at all times, have both
physical and economic access to
enough safe and nutritious food to
meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and
healthy lifestyle." (World food summit 1996)

6. Food Securit y

9. Food Securit y I ssue ??Food Securit y I ssue ??
•
Food is one of the basic rights of the people to live and adequate
nutrition is essential for human development.
• It is the primary responsibility of the state, to ensure that people have
physical and economic access, to safe food.
• However, it does not imply the state to simply feed its people, but to
protect the rights of individuals to feed themselves, through adequate
food availability and access which includes seasonal, regional and
prices stability.
• Food security on one hand is fundamental right and state’s
responsibility, while on the other hand addressing the issue at
national and household levels.
• Availability of sufficient quantities of food is necessary although not
sufficient condition, but depends upon food supply, household’s own
production, other domestic outputs, commercial imports and food
assistance.

10. Food Crisis Global obligat ionFood Crisis Global obligat ion
• Fighting hunger , reducing poverty and
ensuring food security is Pakistan global
obligation.
• Therefore ensuring availability of ample food
through increasing productivity and reducing
poverty by increasing farm income of small and
poor farmers , are of the highest priority issues
for the Government.
• Under this scenario performance of
agriculture sector need to be enhanced further
as there is lot more potential in this sector
which has not yet been realized

11. Povert y and Food Securit yPovert y and Food Securit y
• Poverty and food security in the country are interlinked
thus affecting adversely the buying power of the
consumer.
• The decade has witnessed an increasing poverty and
food security all over the world.
• This challenge has gained more intensity and
importance in the presence of high population growth
rates, increasing

12. Agricult ure Povert y Nexus ??Agricult ure Povert y Nexus ??
The major reasons for higher poverty rates in rural areas are:
• Higher proportion of landless people involved in low paid jobs or
remain unemployed during most part of the year.
• Division of land due to heir system resulting in fragmentation of
land and generation of small farmers with poor resources,
• Lack of opportunities for work and even self-employment
possibilities, above all, poor rural economy gives birth to high rural
poverty.
• In fact, agriculture has strong nexus with poverty and most poverty
is rural based.

13. Food Securit y a World Challenge (FAOFood Securit y a World Challenge (FAO))
• Reducing food insecurity, vulnerability and malnutrition
is central to the achievement of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) and the World Food
Summit
• Targets. Commitment towards and achievement of
these goals and targets remain a major challenge for
the world’s community and Asia in particular.
• The MDGs with their related time-bound targets and
indicators are designed as an agenda for action by
countries with support from the international
community.
• FAO currently is reviewing how its own activities can
assist countries in the urgent and ambitious effort of

14. Food Securit y Focused onFood Securit y Focused on
• Sustainable food security, increasing
productivity, promoting commercial
agriculture, encouraging income
diversification intervention and export
orientation and promotion.
• Raising productivity and profitability of the
farming community enabling the country to
raise living standard of the small farmers.

15. Product ion-Securit y-Nat ural ResourceProduct ion-Securit y-Nat ural Resource
Connect ionsConnect ions
• The links between sustainable agriculture and food
security are summarized in Figure 1.
• This shows how achieving food security depends on
ensuring that three key conditions are fulfilled:
• Sustainable food .production through the use of
regenerative technologies, the full participation of
farmers and pastoralists in the processes of planning,
research and extension;
• A conserved natural resource base through
approaches, practices an d technologies that build
upon and enhance the health and diversity of available
natural resources without depleting them;
• Entitlements or access to food through approaches
which strengthen local capacity and build strong and
diversified rural economies.

16. Sust ainable Agr icult ur e and Food Secur it y:Sust ainable Agr icult ur e and Food Secur it y:
Making t he Link f igure 1Making t he Link f igure 1

17. Seven I nvest ment s f or EnhancingSeven I nvest ment s f or Enhancing
Sust ainable Agricult ureSust ainable Agricult ure
• Recognize the importance of sustainable agriculture for
food security, by:
• Promoting sustainable agriculture and resource-
conserving technologies and practices.
• Supporting national policies and strategies for
sustainable agriculture.
• Redirecting subsides and grants towards sustainable
technologies and practices.
• Reforming teaching and training establishments to
encourage the formal adoption of participatory methods
and processes.
• Developing farmer-centered research and extension
• Improving rural infrastructure to ensure access to
markets with positive price incentives.

18. St rat egies f or f ood securit y andSt rat egies f or f ood securit y and
f ood saf et y Cont df ood saf et y Cont d
• Promotion of conjunctive water use and substitution of
high delta water crops with low delta crops.
• Promotion of water saving technologies.
• Appropriate and timely availability of inputs, services and
institutional agricultural credit.
• Improving farm to market roads and existing markets
and establishment of new markets/markets information
system.
• Support price mechanism; continuation of programmes
to control salinity and water logging .
• Ensuring compliance to WTO requirements to maintain
competitiveness of agricultural products.

19. Importance of Agriculture in EconomyImportance of Agriculture in Economy
of Pakistan:of Pakistan:• :
• Agriculture is a priority area addressing problems of
unemployment, poverty alleviation and food security.
• 67% of country’s population live in rural area and are
dependent on agriculture directly or indirectly.
• Contributing about 22% in national Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). It comprises of crops, livestock,
fisheries and forestry sub-sectors having share of
46.2%, 50.8%, 1.3% and 1.6%, respectively
• It employs about 44.8% of the total labour force It
contributes about 68% to the foreign exchange
earnings through exports of raw material and value
added products.
• More than 50% industry is agro-based.
• It supplies raw material to various industries

20. Top Ten Wheat Producers — 2005 (million metric
ton)
China 96
India 72
United States 57
Russia 46
France 37
Canada 26
Australia 24
Germany 24
Pakistan 22
Turkey 21
World Total 626
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[28]

21. Land Mass Pakist anLand Mass Pakist an
Pakistan
Geographical Area 79.61
Reported Area 59.33
Cultivable Area 21.96
Cultivable Waste 9.17
Cultivable Waste 8.95
Irrigated Area 18.04
Area Million Hec

22. Land MassLand Mass
• 93% of the farmers in the country are small and
medium having 61% of the cultivated area
• Large farmers are 7% holding 39% of the
cultivated area
• Small farmers have up to 5.0 hectares of
landholdings.
• Medium farmers have more than 5.0 hectares
and up to 10.0 hectares of landholdings.

23. Area & Production of Major Food Crops, 2006-07 inArea & Production of Major Food Crops, 2006-07 in
Pakistan .Pakistan . Area in Hectares000
Production in Tones000
Name of Crop Area Production
1. Wheat 8493.900 23520.000
2. Maize 1043.940 2906.780
8. Rice 2581.500 5438.520
31864.52
Source Year Book
Pakistan Agri

24. Demand of f ood cropsDemand of f ood crops
Population Rate kg
/annum
Total Demand Total
Production of
all grains
Deficit
180.000
milion
150kg 27.000 million
tons
31.864 tons 8.000 million tons
As Maize is used as
Feed and Industrial
Crop , Rice is exported,
wheat also smuggled
and mismanaged

25. Wheat Yield Compared wit h ot herWheat Yield Compared wit h ot her
count ries/count ries/
Crop Yield per
acre in mds
Pakistan
Country Production
/ac in mds
Wheat 21 France 68
Maize 15 Egypt 80
Rice 24 America 88

26. Yield Gap of Various Crops in Pakistan: Average v. Potential Yield
Commodity
Potential Yield Average Yield Yield Gap Unachieved Potential
(Kilograms per Hectare) (Percent)
Wheat 6,425 1,695 4,730 74
Paddy 9,489 1,703 7,786 82
Maze 6,944 1,272 5,672 82
Sugar Cane 256,000 35,672 220,328 86
Rape & Mustard 2,743 641 2,102 77
Potato 38,128 10,403 27,725 73
Source: G.R. Sandhu, Sustainable Agriculture: A Pakistan National Conservation
Strategy Sector
Paper (Karachi: IUCN-World Conservation Union, 1993), 3.

27. Causes of low Yield inCauses of low Yield in
• Higher rates of agriculture inputs Weak
Agriculture research System.
• Access to modern technology.
• Lack of Investment in agriculture
• Special calamities.
• Support price to farmers inadequate.

28. KEY Challenges t o Food Crisis inKEY Challenges t o Food Crisis in
• Dependency on one single crop of wheat as staple
food .
• Wide yield gap between progressive and average
farmer.
• Increasing water scarcity and inefficient use of
available water.
• Degradation of land resources ( water logging and
salinity)
• Inefficient transfer of technology to farmers.
• Weak agriculture Research and Agriculture Extension
Services.
• Poor rural infrastructure poor people in rural areas are
directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture for their
livelihood..
• Poverty in rural areas is very high. About 32% in rural
areas and 22% in urban areas live under poverty line
and are subjected to food insecurity.

29. Main approaches t o over come f oodMain approaches t o over come f ood
crisiscrisis
• Complete participatory approach under farmer's leadership.
• Empowerment of farming communities through establishment of
farming organization , FSC,s VO,s
• Equitable use of natural resources and their conservation.
• Enhancing crop productivity through input management
• Improving income of small and poor farmers through income
diversification interventions.
• Organizing agriculture and livestock extension services at village
level through group extension approach.
• Human resource development ( farmers and field staff)
• Marketing of the produce and linkages development.
• Sustainability through establishing Revolving Fund in each village.

30. • Case Study which leads to CMP II

31. FAO Supported Pilot FoodFAO Supported Pilot Food
Security ProjectSecurity Project

32. To Be Food Secure Means that:To Be Food Secure Means that:
• Food is available – producing enough to eat
• Availability is necessary but not enough to ensure access,
which is necessary but not enough for effective use.
• Food is accessible – having enough to eat
• Food is used – for ending hidden hunger
– Hidden hunger can cause illness, blindness and
pre-mature death.

33. Back GroundBack Ground
• 1st
Pilot Project
• As a follow-up of World Food
Summit Declaration 1996,
a Pilot Project on Food Security
was launched
(1998-2002) (cost: Rs 15.0 million)

34. Results: Pilot ProjectResults: Pilot Project
Crop Locations
Yield (Tons/ha) Area/No of
farmers
% increase in
productivity
Over
benchmark
Benchmark Project
Wheat Sargodha
Daska
D. I. Khan
2.89
2.62
1.70
4.84
4.27
4.47
500 (72)
600 (87)
100 (17)
68.2
61.6
162.9
Basmati
IRRI
Daska
D. I. Khan
2.67
2.50
4.01
4.85
680 (92)
100 (17)
50.3
125.6
• Results at 3 locations were almost similar and more than projected,Results at 3 locations were almost similar and more than projected,
i.e., production increased by 60-100% and income almost doubledi.e., production increased by 60-100% and income almost doubled
Results of Pilot ProjectResults of Pilot Project

35. Up-scaling National ProgramUp-scaling National Program
on Food Securityon Food Security
to 109 villagesto 109 villages (CMP-I)(CMP-I)

36. 22ndnd
CMP I ProjectCMP I Project
• Implementation of ProgramCMP I
• After successful completion of pilot project in 1998-2002,
Government of Pakistan (through Ministry of Food, Agriculture and
Livestock (MINFAL) allocated Rs 500 million (US$ 8.47 million) for
the expansion of the pilot SPFS to 109 villages in 20 union councils
of 15 districts through a four years national program called the Crop
Maximization Project (CMP). This project was executed by MINFAL
in collaboration with the provincial Governments of Punjab, Sindh,
NWFP, Balochistan and State of Azad Jammu and Kashmir from
July 2002 to June, 2006. Beneficiary households aggregated to
1,400 (10,000 people) and the area to be benefited totaled at
95,999 acres. The strategy, approach, principles and physical
components and targets of the CMP were to be essentially the same
as the SPFS.
• PC I approved by ECNEC on 3rd
May 2002

37. Performance of up-scaled ProjectPerformance of up-scaled Project::
• Despite many odds due to change in the design of the
project, especially in the credit disbursement, the project
gave positive results by increasing productivity from 20%
to 50% in an area of more than 90,000 acres under
various crops. The key lessons learnt from the
SPFS/CMP experience were that ownership at the local
level is critical for success and that the VOs can play
major role in bringing about rural change and
development.
• . Such support has to be in the form of specific
empowerment, legal status to implement its mandate,
creation of technical, administrative and management
skills, as well as some catalytic seed money for creating
common assets and facilities for establishing a revolving
fund to finance income earning activities.

38. Crop Maximization Project - ICrop Maximization Project - I
Project Components No. of Villages
FMCU, MINFAL -
Punjab 49
Sindh 28
NWFP 13
Balochistan 14
AJK 5
FATA 0
Total: 109
CMP-ICMP-I

39. Low Performance ReasonsLow Performance Reasons
Pilot Project
 Inputs through VOs on
delayed payment
 Inputs given in kind
 Revolving fund was created
in 2rd
year
 Farmers empowered to operate
RF
 Farmers participation high
(80%)
CMP-I
 Credit through Bank for inputs
 Mostly cash was given
 Creation of RF was not possible
 VOs Empowerment Partial
 Framers Participation low
(25 – 30%)
CMP-ICMP-I

40. Percent Increase in productivity of various crops sownPercent Increase in productivity of various crops sown
under CMP I 2003-04 on bench markunder CMP I 2003-04 on bench mark
District Wheat yield obtained
Mds /ac
Production BM
Mds/Ac
Wheat % increase
Over BM
Gujranwala 31.1 25.6 21.1
Muzaffar Garh 18.9 15.4 22.44
Sargodha 35.2 26.0 35.5
Sahiwal 32.4 25.7 25.9
Sialkot 36.6 24.3 50.0
R.Yar Khan 26.6 18.9 40.7
Larkana 24.0 19.6 22.4
Sangar 16.4 15.1 8.5
Nawab Shah 33.5 22.9 46.3
Tando Allah Yar - - -
Bannu 20.4 15.9 28.3
Di Khan 25.5 21.9 16.4
Jafar Abad 23.6 18.0 31.1
Loralai 25.2 17.7 42.3
Muzaffar Abad 19.8 12.0 64.7
Mean Increase 26.5 21.2 25.0

41. Range of percent increase in productivity of various cropsRange of percent increase in productivity of various crops
sown under CMP I( Crop yield mds/Ac) 2003-04sown under CMP I( Crop yield mds/Ac) 2003-04
District Wheat Min Wheat Max
Gujranwala 29.00 33.5
Muzaffar Garh 16.7 23.2
Sargodha 34.2 35.4
Sahiwal 29.1 34.5
Sialkot 31.6 43.4
R.Yar Khan 24.5 38.0
Larkana 13.0 30.0
Sangar 15.1 18.0
Nawab Shah 30.2 37.4
Tando Allah Yar - -
Bannu 18.2 20.0
Di Khan 24.0 27.0
Jafar Abad 22.3 24.5
Loralai 25.0 26.0
Muzaffar Abad 15.0 24.0

42. Productivity Enhancement ModelProductivity Enhancement Model
( Sargodha Model( Sargodha Model))
Tech. Interventions
Crop Management
Water Management
Income Generation
- Livestock
- Fisheries
- Off-season vegetable
- Nursery raising
- Milk collection
- Poultry farming
Technical Assistance
Technology Package
Training and Skill
Enhancement
- Community Organization & Empowerment
- Enhanced Productivity
- Employment Generation
- More Income
- Food Security & Poverty Reduction
Farming
Community
&
Farming System
Community Mobilization
Establishment of VO
Financial Assistance
Input
Output
Group Extension

43. Special Program for Food Security and
Productivity
Enhancement of Small Farmers in 1012
Villages
Crop Maximization Project–II (CMP–
II)

44. 33rdrd
ProjectProjectCMP IICMP II
• The SPFS ( CMP II) has now been upscale in
the form of National Program for Food Security
covering 1012 villages in 26 districts of the four
provinces, AJK, FATA & FANA from the current
financial year (2007-08). The total cost of the
project for five years is Rs 8013 million

45. MTDF And Food SecurityMTDF And Food Security
• Under MTDF, GOP has set Goals to maintain an annual growth rate
of 4-5% up to 2015. Crop sector overall growth targets have been
fixed at 4% (Cotton 5.3%, Wheat 3.5%, and Rice 3.4%), horticulture
8% and Livestock 6.5% (Milk 8%, Meat 5%and Fisheries 4.8%). To
achieve the above said goals MINFAL has adopted the following
agriculture development strategy:
• Diversification to horticulture, livestock and fisheries
• Enhancing productivity by narrowing yield gap, especially of small
farmers.
• Demand driven research and new technologies
• High efficiency irrigation.
• Fair price to farmers
• Market infrastructure development
• Compliance with international quality standards.

46. SponSoring
Agency :
government of pAkiStAn,
miniStry of food,
Agriculture And liveStock,
iSlAmAbAd
execution: provinciAl Agriculture
depArtment
operAtion And
mAintenAnce:
diStrict governmentS through
government of nWfp
concerned
federAl
miniStry:
miniStry of food, Agriculture &
liveStock
project period: 2007-08 ton 2011-12

47. Project ProfileProject Profile
Cost (Rs billion) 8.013
Duration (year) 5 (2007-12)
Project area 26 districts
Implementation and coordination MINFAL
Execution Provincial/District Govts
Area (acres) 500,000
Villages 1012
Farming households 55,000
Number of beneficiaries 368,000
CMP-IICMP-II

48. Changes in Project ApproachChanges in Project Approach
• Restoring the original Sargodha Model and
establishing revolving fund at village level to be
operated by VOs to provide inputs on deferred
payment and loans for income generation
activities
• Component of developing marketing linkages
added
CMP-IICMP-II

49. INPUTS
Financial
Assistance
Technical
Assistance
Time-tested & Proven
Technologies
Training & Skill
Enhancement
Global GAP /
Better Management Practices
Community
Mobilization
Establishment
of VOs
OUTPUTS
Revolving Fund
Input Sales /
Marketing Centres
Farm Machinery Pools
Small EnterprisesIncome Diversification
Community Organization
& Empowerment
Productivity
Enhancement
Income
Increase
Employment
Generation
Poverty
Reduction
Food
Security
SMALL FARMERS
&
RESOURCE-POOR
FARMING COMMUNITY

50. 1. Increase food production in the country through
enhancing crop and livestock productivity.
2. Ensure food security and reduce poverty through
improving income of small farmers through productivity
enhancement and income generation interventions.
3. Objectives are in line with
1. Medium term development frame work.
2. Poverty reduction strategy
3. Millennium development goal.

51. CMP I I Proj ect St rat egyCMP I I Proj ect St rat egy
• Focus on small farmers
• Complete participatory approach
• One village as a production unit
• Multidisciplinary and integrated approach
• Using time tested technologies
• Productivity and income enhancement
• Commercializing agriculture.
• Ensuring cost sharing by farmers.
• Farming community empowerment.

52. A. Farming Community Mobilization
Organization and Empowerment
B. Crop / farm management
C. Income diversification/ generation.
D. Human resource development,
E. Establishing Market linkages.

53. Crit eria f or Select ion of VillagesCrit eria f or Select ion of Villages
 This project is for small farmers. Farmers having up to 15 acres of
land are entitled for the Membership of Village Organization.
 All the Villages should be predominantly populated by small farmers
 The selected villages should have 30 small farmers will to
participate in the Project.
 The villages should be selected in a cluster of 30 to 40 (in case of
NWFP 32) villages, involving 3 to 8 Union Councils, in a block form
and in a contiguous physical territory.
 The villages should not have any soil or environmental aliment.
 Villages should be located in irrigated areas
 Villages should be easily accessible

54. Cost Sharing byCost Sharing by
Farmers/ benef iciariesFarmers/ benef iciaries
Item Cost Share
Project Farmers
Remarks
Inputs Nil 100% Through RF
(10% Handling
Charges) SOP
35000 acres
Implements Pool 80 % 20% VO 20%
Rent No Handling
Charges (sop) IP 55
Income
Diversification
80 % 20% 7% Handling Charges
to Vo RF
Re (sop) ID 560
Animal Health Care
Unit
100 % ==== Free of interest
After grace period of 6
months return loan in
24 installments AHU 20

55. Media CoverageMedia Coverage
For Mass AwarenessFor Mass Awareness
ToT & Farmers'ToT & Farmers'
TrainingTraining
through FFSsthrough FFSs
CoordinationCoordination
& Monitoring& Monitoring
Long / Short TrainingLong / Short Training
MeetingsMeetings
With Various DepartmentsWith Various Departments
TrainingTraining
WorkshopsWorkshops
StrategicStrategic
DocumentsDocuments
TrainingTraining
MaterialMaterial
CMP-IICMP-II

56. Components, Villages and CostComponents, Villages and Cost
Project Components No. of
Villages
Amount
(Rs million)
FMCU, MINFAL - 673
Punjab 430 3269
Sindh 230 1607
NWFP 160 1111
Balochistan 150 1067
AJK 40 269
FATA 2 15
Total: 1012 8013

57. PROJECT COSTPROJECT COST
( 2007-08 to 2011-12)( 2007-08 to 2011-12)
Item Total Pakistan NWFP %age Share NWFP
Estt & Operational
Charges
1966.304 305.298 15.52 %
Capacity Building/
social mobilization
1476.994 155.568 10.53 %
Contingency +
Transfer Grant
172.167 + 8.057 23.045 12.78 %
Seed Money/
Revolving Fund
4390.000 627.840 14. 30 %
Total 8013.522 1111. 750 13. 87 %

58. Expected Output:Expected Output: Additional BenefitsAdditional Benefits
Item Addl. Income
(Rs billion)
Additional income from crops 12.58
Additional income from small
enterprises
(e.g., Livestock, Fisheries & poultry farms etc.)
1.60
Income from Job creation (No.) 0.72
Additional income in five years of
project:
14.9
Annual additional income to farmers
after project completion
7.643
CMP-IICMP-II

59. Flow of FundsFlow of Funds
Line No 1: Rs 3623 mil
Project Management Cost
Federal Government Funding
(PSDP) Rs 8013 million
Line No 2: Rs 4390 mil
Revolving Fund
Beneficiary Farmers
- Inputs (in kinds)
- Small Enterprises
Revolving Fund of VOsi. Establishment cost
ii. Operational cost
iii. Capital cost
iv. Capacity building cost
v. Technical backstopping
0.0%
10.0%
10%
CMP-IICMP-II

60. Flow of Revolving Fund of Rs 4390 millionFlow of Revolving Fund of Rs 4390 million
Commercial banks
through State Bank
Village Organizations
Revolving Fund
Beneficiary Farmers
Federal Government
10%
50% of Principal amount to be returned after
5 years in a period of 5 years
CMP-IICMP-II

61. Further Up-ScalingFurther Up-Scaling
15 years
Time scale Villages Cost (Rs billion)
 2006-07 = 1000 8.0
 2008-09 = 3000 27.0
 2010-11 = 3000 31.0
 2012-13 = 3000 36.0
 2015-19 = 3000 41.0
13000 143.0
CMP-IICMP-II

62. Right to FoodRight to Food
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of
1948 first recognized the right to food as a
human right. It was then incorporated in the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (Article 11) adopted in 1966 and
ratified by 156 states. The expert interpretation
and more refined definition of this right are
contained in General Comment 12 of the
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (1999).

63. Food is energyFood is energy
• The cost of food is climbing fast. People
everywhere are affected, and the poorest
are hit hardest. Changing weather
patterns and rising demand for biofuels
are part of the problem.
• In the search for solutions, let’s
remember: