2. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
“The term ‘artificial intelligence’ means a machine-
based system that can, for a given set of human-
defined objectives, make predictions,
recommendations or decisions influencing real or
virtual environments.”
NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT OF
2020 (US)
3. Artificial Intelligence is a method of making a computer,
a computer-controlled robot, or a software think
intelligently like the human mind. AI is accomplished by
studying the patterns of the human brain and by
analyzing the cognitive process. The outcome of these
studies develops intelligent software and systems.
4. TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Reactive machines
This kind of AI is purely reactive and does not have the
ability to form ‘memories’ or use ‘past experiences’ to
make decisions. These machines are designed to
perform specific tasks. For example, programmable
coffeemakers or washing machines are designed to
perform specific functions, but they do not have
memory.
5. Limited memory AI
This kind of AI uses past experiences and the present data to
make a decision. Limited memory means that the machines
are not coming up with new ideas. They have a built-in
program running the memory. Reprogramming is done to
make changes in such machines. Self-driving cars are
examples of limited memory AI.
Theory of mind
These AI machines can socialize and understand human
emotions and will have the ability to cognitively understand
somebody based on the environment, their facial features,
etc. Machines with such abilities have not been developed
yet. There is a lot of research happening with this type of AI.
6. Self awareness
This is the future of AI. These machines will be super-
intelligent, sentient and conscious. They are able to react
very much like a human being, although they are likely
to have their own features.
7.
8. Artificial Intelligence tools have the ability to read and
interpret data that possess the power to influence
humans and nudge them to take actions which may be
beneficial or harmful to the mankind. This makes the
role of ethics in designing AI solutions important.
ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH AI
Cost to innovation
Harm to physical integrity
Lack of access to public service
Lack of trust
Security issues
9. Lack of quality data
Disappearance of job
Power assymetries
Negative impact on health
The bias in decision making, intended or unintended
manipulation, potential misuses of insights derived,
intrusion into private lives, surveillance practices,
copyright issues, the likely security breach and lack of
transparency in how the AI models are built are some of
the dilemmas.
10. An example of AI creating disrepute to business is that of
Amazon when it decided to do away with its AI driven
recruitment tool as it was found to be having a bias against
women
The design of AI systems needs to consider the impact of
ethics as the core element in its solution and it is essential to
draw up the code of conduct for designing AI systems.
Since most AI models are trained on the publicly available
data sets, there is likely to be hidden biases of the society.
Therefore, data sets that are inclusive should be used to build
the model. In order to overcome the hidden biases, people
from diverse backgrounds and cultures should be part of the
team that is building AI solution.
11. Another important dimension concerns the
environment. AI tools require huge cloud infrastructure
and considerable electricity, this would mean more
impact to the environment. At the same time, with
smart use of AI systems and by directing them to solve
the real problems such as reducing of carbon footprints
and power requirement, world could become a better
place to live in.
