The International Council on Archives (ICA) appointed a group of experts on archival description (EGAD) in late 2012 to develop an international conceptual model for archival description. EGAD based their work on the four standards for archival description issued by ICA and developments in archival description standards over the past 20 years. Their goal was to create a conceptual model that reflects international professional consensus and maximizes the opportunities for archival communication afforded by current and emerging technologies.

1. 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺩﺭﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬.
‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺹ‬‫ﻟﻠﻭﺭﻗﺔ‬‫ﺘـﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺜﻴﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ،‫ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ‬: 
" Toward an International Conceptual Model for Archival Description: A Preliminary Report from the International
Council on Archives’ Experts Group on Archival Description / Gretchen Gueguen, Vitor Manoel Marques da Fonseca,
Daniel V. Pitti, and Claire Sibille-de Grimoüard. The American Archivist Vol. 76, No. 2 Fall/Winter 2013 "

2. 2
 
‫ﻟﻸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬)ICA(‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬‫ﺃﻭﺍﺨـﺭ‬‫ﻋـﺎﻡ‬
2012.‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻠﻔﻬﺎ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺤﻘﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﻤﻌـﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺭﺍﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬)(EGAD
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬‫ﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸـﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(‫ﺨـﻼل‬‫ﻋـﺸﺭﻴ‬‫ﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬،‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻤﺜل‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬‫ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻭﻤﺩﻱ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺘﺘﻴﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻻﺘـﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬‫ﺤﺩﻴﺜ‬‫ﺔ‬،‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺹ‬‫ﺘﻌﺎﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺨﺎﺭﺠ‬‫ﻪ‬‫ﺨـﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬‫ﺴﺒل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬.
 
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬2012‫ﻟﻸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬(ICA)‫ﺒﺘﺸﻜﻴل‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺼـﻑ‬
(EGAD)‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻔﺎ‬‫ﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬‫ﺃﻓﻀل‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬(CBPS).‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎل‬‫ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ‬،‫ﺴﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻜﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻘﺩ‬‫ﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(‫ﺒ‬‫ﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬،‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬2012-2016،‫ﻜﻠﻔﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬)EGAD(‫ﺒ‬‫ﻭﻀـﻊ‬‫ﻤﻌﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻤل‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ‬
ISAD(G)،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠـﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸـﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻷﺸـﺨﺎﺹ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺌﻼﺕ‬
ISAAR(CPF)،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ISDF،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺒﺤﻔـﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬ISDIAH.‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬‫ﺒﺘﻜﻠﻴﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴـﻴﻥ‬
‫ـﻴﻔﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸـ‬ ‫ـﻑ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺼـ‬)EGAD(‫ـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﺒﺎﺴـ‬ ‫ـﻙ‬‫ﻭﺫﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌـ‬ ‫ـﻭﻴﺭ‬‫ﺒﺘﻁـ‬‫ـﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﺃﺴـ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺫﺠـ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ـ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻴـ‬‫ﺔ‬
)conceptual modeling(.
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺘﺒﻨ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(-‫ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‬-
‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺀ‬‫ﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬1989.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴـﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴـﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‬‫ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬‫ﺘﻭﻓﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺱ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸـﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠـﺱ‬
)ICA(‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬)‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‬1(.‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺘﻨﻘﻴﺤ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ISAD(G)،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬،‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻷﺸـﺨﺎﺹ‬

3. 3
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻼﺕ‬ISAAR(CPF)،‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬‫ﺘﺭﺘ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ‬.‫ﻜ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍ‬‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻜـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ISDF،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻔـﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
ISDIAH،‫ﻤﺭﺍﺠﻌﺘﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬.
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻘﺩ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺼﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(-‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬1
.‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺠﺯﺀ‬1-3‫ﺘﺘﻡ‬ ،‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻴﻀﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺏ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌـ‬‫ﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﺘﻴﺴﻴ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻭﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟ‬،‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﻭﺼ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻋﺎﺕ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬‫ﻤﻌﻠ‬‫ﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬‫ﻤﻭﺤﺩ‬.
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬‫ﺒﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺒﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻬﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﻨﻁﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬.‫ﻟ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻜﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻅ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺀ‬‫ﻓﺈ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬،‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ‬ISAD(G)
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻨﻁﺎﻕ‬‫ﺴﻊ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴﺭﺠـﻊ‬‫ﻫـﺫﺍ‬‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ‬ISAD(G)‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ‬‫ﻁﻭﻴـل‬ ‫ﺃﻤـﺩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬)provenance(‫ﻜﺎﻓـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ‬.‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺅﻜﺩ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﻭﺠﺩﺕ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ISAD(G)،‫ﻤ‬‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺸﺠﻊ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ‬ ‫ﻓـﺼل‬ ‫ﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﻭﺭﺒﻁ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺃﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻤﺘ‬،‫ﻜﺎﻤل‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬‫ﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬‫ﻴـ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺘـﺴﻬل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬‫ﻭﻓﻬﻤ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺘﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ،‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺸـﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁـﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﻴﺎ‬‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬.‫ﻭﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﺃﻋﺎﻕ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺌـﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻜـﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟ‬‫ﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺤﺩﺓ‬.
‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬)EGAD(‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻭﻀـﻊ‬‫ﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﻤﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺄﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺃﻭﺠﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻘﺼﻭﺭ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬)ICA(‫ﻭﻜﺫ‬ ،‫ﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﺘﻴﺢ‬‫ﻓﺘﺢ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬.
 
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬1988‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺩ‬ ،‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻜﻨﺩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ،‫ﻟﻸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎل‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬.‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬‫ﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸـﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠـﺱ‬
)ICA(‫ﺒﺈﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺫﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ؛‬‫ﻴـﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬2
.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬(ICA)‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬‫ﺒﺘﻨﻅـﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬

4. 4
‫ﺒﺎﺭﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻟﺕ‬‫ﺨﻼل‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻋﺎ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬:‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬،‫ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﻫﻲ‬ ،:‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
ISAD(G)،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠـﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﺸـﺨﺎﺹ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺌﻼﺕ‬
ISAAR(CPF)،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ISDF،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺒﺤﻔـﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ISDIAH.
1 

‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎن‬-)1988(1989-19921992
ISAD‫اﻷوﻟ‬‫ﻰ‬1990-19931994
ISAAR‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬1993-19951996
ISAD‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬1996-20001999
ISAAR‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬2000-20042004
ISDF‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬2005-20072007
ISDIAH‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬2005-20082008
‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﻭﻀﻌ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬‫؛‬‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬‫ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ‬ISAD(G)،
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﺸـﺨﺎﺹ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺌﻼﺕ‬ISAAR (CPF)‫ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘﻴﺤ‬،‫ﻬﻤﺎ‬‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ل‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ISDF،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻔﻅ‬ISDIAH.‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻜﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﻫﻡ‬‫ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬‫ﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬‫ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫؛‬‫ﻜـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺜـﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻴﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬.
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﻌﻭﺍ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺎﻭﺍ‬1988‫ﻟﻡ‬‫ﻴﺘﻭﻗ‬،‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻌـﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻌﻭﺍ‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻤﺜل‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺼﻑ‬‫ﻜل‬‫ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺃﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫؛‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘـﺎل‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺠـﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬)‫ﺴﻠـﺴﻠﺔ‬-‫ﻤﻠـﻑ‬-‫ﻭﺜﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ‬...‫ﺇﻟﺦ‬(.‫ﻭﻴ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬‫ﺠﻤﻊ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜل‬‫ﺇﺤﺩﻯ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺌ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬‫ﺇﻁـﺎﺭ‬‫ﻭﺼـﻑ‬
،‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬‫ﻴﻀﻡ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺩﻤﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﻜﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺸﺎﻤل‬.‫ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺘ‬‫ﻐﻁﻴﺔ‬‫ﺒﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻜل‬،‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬‫ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬-‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺴـﻴﺎﻕ‬:‫ﻭﻅـﺎﺌﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺊ‬‫ﻭﺃﻨﺸﻁﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺤﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﻴﺠـﺴﺩﻩ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨـﻴﻥ‬
ISAD(G)‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬.

5. 5
‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ،‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬‫ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎ‬‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬‫ﻋﻤـل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻴﻁﺭ‬‫ﻤﻌـﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬)ICA(،‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻥ‬‫ﺒﺩﺃ‬‫ﻟﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ‬‫ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬.‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬‫ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺡ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ‬ISAD(G)‫ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬"‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬‫ﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬"‫؛‬‫ﻭﺫﻟـﻙ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻁ‬)‫ﺃ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬‫ﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬(3
.‫ﻓـﻲ‬
،‫ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺃﺸﻴﺭ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ISAD(G)-‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺔ‬‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﻴﻁﻠـﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺌﻼﺕ‬ISAAR(CPF)،
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﺼﺩﺭ‬‫ﻋﺎﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬4
.‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ISAAR(CPF)‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬1993‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬‫ﺇﺼ‬‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬ISAD(G)‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬1994.‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬‫ﺭﻜﺯﺕ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻨﻘـﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬‫ﺘﺎﺤـﺔ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻭﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬.‫ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬،‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻘﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬‫ﻤﻨﺸ‬‫ﺌﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜـﺎﺌﻕ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬‫ﻭﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﻤﻨﺸﺌﻴﻬ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻜل‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ،‫ﺤﺩﺓ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﺫﺍ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻥ‬5
.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
،‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ‬‫ﺴﺘﺸﻜل‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻭﺼ‬ ‫ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺸﺎﻤﻼ‬‫ﻜﺎﻤﻼ‬.
‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬"‫ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠـﻨﻅﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁـﺔ‬"linked authority
systems"‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻵﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ‬.‫ﻟﻘـﺩ‬‫ﺍﺴـﺘﻨﺩﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬‫ﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻔﻬﺎﺭﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺎﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻭ‬‫ﻀﻊ‬‫ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬‫ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺫ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻁﺎﺒﻊ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻜﺒﺭ‬6
.‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻨﺸﺊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ‬‫ﻟﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺊ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ‬.‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬،‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺘﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻬ‬‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺠﺭﺓ‬‫ﺃ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺴﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺎﺌﺩﺓ‬.
‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ‬)‫ﻤﻨﺸﺊ‬-‫ﺤﺎﻓﻅ‬-‫ﺠﺎﻤﻊ‬...‫ﺇﻟﺦ‬(‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬"‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬"،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺔ‬‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬‫ﻁﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ‬.‫ﺠﻭﻴـﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺎﺭﻟﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬)Charles Jewett(،
‫ﺃﻤﻴﻥ‬‫ﺴﻤﻴﺜﺴﻭﻨﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬)the Smithsonian Institution(‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬‫ﺘﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻠﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻐﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺭﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻴﺭﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬.‫ﺠﻭﻴـﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﻴـﺩ‬ ‫ﻟـﻡ‬)Jewett(‫ﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬،‫ﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬‫ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬‫ﺠﺫﺭﻱ‬‫ﺨﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻔﻬﺭﺴـ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎﻅ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬.
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺴﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨـﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‬7
.‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬‫ﺭﺃﻱ‬‫ﺠﻭﻴﺕ‬)Jewett(‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬-‫ﻜل‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺤﺩﺓ‬-‫ﺴﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﻨﺎﺼـﺭ‬

6. 6
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬‫؛‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﻜل‬‫ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ‬‫ﺸﺄﻨﻬ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺠﻬـﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤـﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻅﺭ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬‫ﺔ‬،‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻟﻰ‬‫ﺩﻋﻡ‬‫ﺇﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬‫ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ‬‫ﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬‫ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭﻭﺼـﻔ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺫﻟـﻙ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻤـﺎ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬.
‫ﻭ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﻟﻸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬)ICA(‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﻭﻀـﻌﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻼﺕ‬ISAAR(CPF)،‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒ‬‫ﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭﻨﻅﻤ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬‫ﻓﻜﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬‫ﻤﻨ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺫ‬30‫ﻤ‬‫ﻋﺎ‬‫ﺎ‬.
‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬‫ﺃﻴﺩ‬‫ﺴﻜﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺘﺭ‬)Peter Scott(‫ﺍﻟ‬ ،‫ﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻤـل‬ ‫ﺫﻱ‬‫ﺁ‬‫ﻤﻜﺘـﺏ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺨـﺭﻴﻥ‬‫ﺃﺭﺸـﻴﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻤﻨﻭﻟـﺙ‬‫ﺴـﺘﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬
)the Australian Commonwealth Archives Office(،‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬1996‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬‫ﻤـﻥ‬"‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬) "record group concept(.‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺠﻌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬)‫ﺇ‬‫ﻴﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬(‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻼﺴل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺎﻤل‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬‫ﻤﻨﺸﺊ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺁ‬‫ﺨﺭ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﻜﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬‫ﻤﻨﺸﺌﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜـﺎﺌﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴل‬‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤ‬‫ﻔﺎﻅ‬‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻘﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠـﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺴـﻼﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬8
.‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺭﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﻴﻴﺩ‬‫ﻟﻌـﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺴﻜﻭﺕ‬‫ﺴـﻨﻭﺍﺕ‬9
.
‫ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﻟﻸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬)ICA(،‫ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ‬ ‫ﺜـﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻫﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺒﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻨـﺎﺩﻯ‬‫ﺴـﻜﻭﺕ‬
)Scott(10
.
‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬‫ﻤﻌ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﺎﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬‫ﻓﺼل‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻑ‬‫؛‬
‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻑ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻅ‬.
‫ﻭ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ‬‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ‬‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻹﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺅﺩﻱ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﺎﻋﻑ‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬‫ﺫ‬ ‫ﻜل‬‫ﻟﻙ‬‫ﻭﺤـﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔـﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜـﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬،‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻴﺯﺍل‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﻴـﺴﻴﻁﺭ‬‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬‫ﺨﻴـﺎل‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸـﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﻴﻥ‬،‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺤﺠﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ‬‫ﻟﻠﻔﺼل‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬.‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﻓﺸﻠ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﺸﺎﻤل‬‫ﻴﻭﻓﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬‫ﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل‬‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬‫ﻤﺘ‬‫ﻜﺎﻤل‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬‫ﺭﺃ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﺁﺨﺭ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬‫ﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﻗﺩ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺎﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻓـﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺒل‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﻨﻁﺎﻕ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸـﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬
)ICA(،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬،‫ﻗﺒﻭل‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ISAD (G)‫ﻭﺍﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﻨﻁﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.

7. 7
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬2008،،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺘﺨﺫ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(‫ﻗﺭﺍﺭ‬‫ﺇﻋـﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺨﻼﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬ ،‫ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﻜﻠ‬‫ﺘﻴ‬‫ﻴﻨﺎﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻬﻤﺎ‬2012‫؛‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺀ‬‫ﺒﻨﺎ‬‫ﻋـﺩﺓ‬‫ﻤﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕ‬:
‫ﻓﺼل‬‫ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬11
،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ‬‫ﺒﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬‫ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺀﻤﺔ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(12
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ،‫ﺃ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘـﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﺠل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬‫ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬ‬ ‫ﻕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺕ‬ ،‫ﺒ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻭﻻ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻰ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬‫ﺜـﻡ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﻤﺭﺠﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬13
.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻗـﺎﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠـﺱ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬)ICA(‫ﺒﺘﻜﻠﻴﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬)(EGAD‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬‫ﻤﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﻟﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻩ‬2016.
 
‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬‫ﻭﻭﺼﻔ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬.‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜ‬‫ﺴـﻌﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬-‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ‬-‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ‬ ،‫ﻜﺒﺭ‬‫ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ﺒﺤﺙ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻹ‬‫ﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻻ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻔﻬـﻡ‬،
‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﺍﻜﺘﻤﺎل‬‫ﻭﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬‫ﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻟﺠﻭﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬)Jewett(‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻠﺕ‬ ،‫ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻭﺭ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻠﻔﻬﺭﺴﺔ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﻤﺭ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺃ‬‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺃﺘﺎﺡ‬‫ﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬‫ﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻹ‬‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺸﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬‫ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬‫ﺠﻭﻴﺕ‬)Jewett(‫ﻻﺤـﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻭﻗـﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻘﻘﺕ‬‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻬﺎﺭﺱ‬)‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺠﻭﻴـﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘـﺼﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘـﺎ‬ ،‫ﻨﺩﺌـﺫ‬
)Jewett(‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺎﺭﺱ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺘﺏ‬(.
‫ﻭ‬‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻡ‬1986‫ﺒﺩﺀ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ،‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(‫ﺒﺄﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﺘـﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺇﺼـﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺎل‬:‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬(SQL:ANSI X3.135-
1986; ISO/IEC 9075)،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻴـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤـﺔ‬(SGML: ISO 8879:1986).‫ﻟﻘـﺩ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺜـﺭ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﻟﻐـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬)SQL(‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎل‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴـﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ‬.‫ﻭﻤﻊ‬‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬‫ﺔ‬)(XML:W3C‫ﻜﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬SGML‫ﻋـﺎﻡ‬
1998‫ﺩﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﺎﻥ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻭﺍﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﻨﻁﺎﻕ‬‫ﺤﺩ‬‫ﺙ‬‫ﺴﻭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ،‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬‫ﺇﻋـﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﻜـل‬
‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ﺃﺘﻴﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬‫ﺒﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬،‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋـﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬‫ﺎﺕ‬‫؛‬‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬‫ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺘﻡ‬.

8. 8
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻡ‬ ،‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻭل‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭل‬‫ﻴﺘﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬‫ﺒﺎﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻗﺘﺼ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺭ‬‫ﺤﻘل‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭل‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁـﺔ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺭﻤﻲ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬‫ﺤﻘل‬‫ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل‬‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜل‬.‫ﻗﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺴﻡ‬‫ﻴـﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺒﻬﺎ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬‫ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺏ‬‫ﺇﻜﻤﺎﻟﻬـﺎ‬،
‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل‬‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤ‬ ‫ﺠل‬‫ﺼﻭل‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺭﺨﺼﺔ‬.‫ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔـﺼل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻔﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺤﻘﻭل‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬‫ﻓﺤﺴﺏ‬‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬ ،‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺭﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬‫ﺤﻘـﻭل‬‫ﻴـﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﻤـﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺒﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻭل‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺃﺸﻜﺎل‬‫ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ‬‫ﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ‬.‫ﻭﻜ‬‫ﻴﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﻴﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬‫ﺒﺎﺴﻡ‬‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ‬"data-centric."
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ‬‫ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬،‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬)‫ﻨـﺼﻭﺹ‬‫ﺃﻨـﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ،‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬(.‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬‫ﻋﺎ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬:
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬‫ﺭ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ‬(-‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺴﻡ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‬‫ﺒﺎﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬)‫ﻤﺜـل‬‫ﻤـﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬‫ﺘﺭﺘﻴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ‬(-‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜل‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻲ‬-‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴـﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻐـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل‬-‫ﻭﻋـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬‫ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻬـﺎ‬.‫ﻴﻁﻠـﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬‫ﻫـﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻬﺞ‬‫ﺍﺴـﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ‬‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺜﻴﻘـﺔ‬
"document-centric".
‫ﻭ‬،‫ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻘﺩ‬‫ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬‫ﺨﻼﻟﻬﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬.
‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻭﻻ‬ ،‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸـﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬)‫ﺍﻟـﺸﻜل‬‫ﺍﻷﻜﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺸﻴﻭﻋﺎ‬(‫ﻜﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ،‫ﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻥ‬‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬‫ﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬،‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬.‫ﺇﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺍﺨﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺒﻌـﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﺘـﻭﺍﻓﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺸﻬﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬.‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻭﺍﺤ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺁ‬‫ﺨﺭ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺝ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺼﺤﻭﺒ‬ ،‫ﺍﻻﺜﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺠل‬‫ﻭﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌـﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻑ‬‫ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴـﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬‫؛‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﺁﻟﺔ‬‫ﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬‫ﺁﻟﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤ‬‫ﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴ‬‫ﻴﻥ‬.‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﺃﺩﺕ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺤﺩﺜﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻼل‬‫ﺃﻭﺠﻪ‬‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬‫؛‬‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬،‫ﺜﻡ‬‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬.
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬‫ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬)XML(،‫ﻗﺎﻤﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ‬)W3C(‫ﺒ‬‫ﺈﺼـﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﺇﻁـ‬‫ﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬)RDF(.‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬)RDF(‫ﺒﺈﺩﺭﺍﺝ‬‫ﺒﺘﻤﺜﻴـل‬ ‫ﺨـﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬:‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ‬.‫ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ‬‫ﺒﻌﺭﺽ‬‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺘﺘـﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺒـ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬-‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ‬(،‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬"‫ﺜﻼﺜﻲ‬".‫ﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴـﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴـﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻐـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻋﻡ‬)XML(
‫ﺠ‬‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻤﺤﺩ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ﺸﻜﺎل‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴ‬‫ﻡ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬‫ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻲ‬)‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺭ‬‫ﻱ‬(،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴـل‬

9. 9
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬‫ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ‬،‫ﻭﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬)‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﻤﺜ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻠﻬﺎ‬(.‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻴﺎ‬‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﻩ‬،‫ﻜﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬‫ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺒﺎﻷ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬‫ﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬‫ﺇﻁـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺯﻤﺎﻥ‬،‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺩ‬‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺘﺘﻴﺢ‬‫ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻻ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬.
‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬)RDF(‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻹﻀﻔﺎﺀ‬‫ﻟﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺘﻘﺘﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬‫ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺔ‬‫ﺍﻵﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﺏ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ‬‫ﻭﺃﻨﻤـﺎﻁ‬،‫ﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻡ‬.‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒـﺎﺩل‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ‬‫؛‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔـﺼل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬‫ﺘﺼﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫ﻭﺘ‬‫ﻘﻭﻡ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﺤﺩ‬‫ﻯ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﻤﺒـﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻻﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻴـﺏ‬ ،‫ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬ ‫ﺒـﺼﻔﺔ‬
)the Semantic Web(‫ﺒ‬ ،‫ﺈﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﻜﺒﻴـﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﺭ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬ ‫ﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬14
.‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﺘـﺸﺠﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻴﻥ‬‫ﺈﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﻴـﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺸـﻜل‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ‬""‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬""(LOD)‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘ‬‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔـﺎﻅ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺨﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﻩ‬.‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺸﻙ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬‫ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬ ،‫ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﻴـﺔ‬‫ﺘﻭﻀـﺢ‬-
‫ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬-‫ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬.‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬،‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬‫ﺭﺅﻴﺔ‬‫ﺠﻭﻴﺕ‬)Jewett(‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬.
‫ﺍﺘﺠﻬﺕ‬‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺙ‬-‫ﻁﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺒﻌـﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺯل‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻼ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻁﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻅﻡ‬-‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺭﺒﻁ‬‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨ‬‫ﺔ‬‫؛‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬‫ﻹ‬‫ﺘﺎﺤـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘـﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘـﺭﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠـﺔ‬.‫ﻴـﺴﻌ‬ ‫ﻜﻤـﺎ‬‫ﻰ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻷﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﻭﻥ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬‫ﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﻟﻸ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻲ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ‬‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﺎ‬15
.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬)‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﻨﻁﻭﻟﻭﺠ‬‫ﻴﺎ‬(‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﻭﻥ‬.‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻤﺭﻴﻜـﺎ‬
(DPLA)‫ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬16
.‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﺠﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬‫ﺈﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜ‬‫ﺜﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻟـ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬"(LOD)،‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﺠﺭﺍ‬‫ﺅ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻠﻴﻭﺠﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬17
.‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬(VIAF)‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨـﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬‫ﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬)OCLC(‫ﺒ‬ ،‫ﺈﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻘﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬"‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻑ‬‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﻟــ‬"‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬"(LOD)18
.‫ﻭﻴﻜﺒﻴﺩﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺒﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ‬(VIAF)‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬‫ﺎﻷ‬‫ﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬‫ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻤﺠ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻜﺒﻴﺩﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻟـ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬"(LOD)‫ﻓﻲ‬dpPedia19
.‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﻴﺤﺎﻭل‬‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬‫ﺘﺤﺴﻴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨـﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‬

10. 10
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬)OCLC(‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬WorldCat‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﻟـ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬"
20
(LOD).‫ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨ‬‫ﻓﺭﻨﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻨﻅﻤ‬‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺨـﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ‬)‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﻭﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺴﺔ‬MARC‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬EAD(‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﻟـ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬"(LOD)21
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒـ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺼـﺩﺭﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻠﻴﻭﺠﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ‬)BNB(‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﻟـ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬"(LOD)22
.
‫ﻓ‬‫ﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬،‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻗﺩ‬‫ﺘﻤﺕ‬‫ﻋﺭﻗﻠﺘﻪ‬‫ﻋﻭﺍﻤل‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‬)‫ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬(:‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬‫ﻨﺎﺤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬
،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻌﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻜل‬)‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺭﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬(،‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬‫ﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻼل‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬‫ﻟﻸ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬‫ﻭﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸـﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨـﻴﻥ‬
ISAD(G).‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻕ‬ ‫ﻘﺩ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤـﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﺯﺍل‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ،‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻊ‬‫ﻭﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻠـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤـل‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
‫ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻴﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺹ‬‫؛‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴـﺔ‬‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻭﻓﻬﻤ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫؛‬‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬‫ﺃﻓـﻀل‬ ‫ﺒـﺸﻜل‬‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺠـﺫﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬.
 
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻹﺤﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬‫؛‬‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻪ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬)،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬،‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻐﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬(.‫ﻭﻗ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﻤﺤﺩ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﺓ‬‫ﻨﻤ‬‫ﺫﺠ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴﺘﻤﺜل‬‫ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻊ‬‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﺩ‬‫ﺓ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬"‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬-‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻭﻨـﺔ‬
(ER)".‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺌﻘﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬‫ﺘﻌﺩﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ،‫ﻨﻬﺞ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬–‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻭﻨﺔ‬(ER)"‫ﻟﻜـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻌﻜﺱ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬.‫ﻭﻤﻊ‬‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﻴﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ‬،‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬‫ﻅﻬﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ‬‫ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﻭﻀﻌﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ‬)W3C(‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬)RDF(‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬‫ﺃﻨﻁﻭﻟﻭﺠ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺎ‬(OWL)‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬‫ﺔ‬"‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺃﻨﻁﻭﻟﻭﺠ‬‫ﻴـﺎ‬‫ﻤﺤـﺩﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻁﺎﻕ‬.‫ﻭﻴ‬‫ﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﻟﻸ‬‫ﻨﻁﻭﻟﻭﺠ‬‫ﻴﺎ‬‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﻭﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل‬‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻕ‬reasoning"‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻓﻘـﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ،‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﻨﻁﻭﻟﻭ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻴﺎ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻹﺒﻼﻍ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﺠﻤﻌﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬‫ﻨﻁﻭﻟﻭﺠ‬‫ﻴﺎ‬.

11. 11
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬1992-1995‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻤﺕ‬ ،‫ﺩﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻠﻴﻭﺠﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻠﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼﺕ‬(FRBR)
‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ‬(IFLA)‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺤﺩ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻠﻴـﻭﺠﺭﺍﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬.‫ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬ER‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ‬23
.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻋـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬1996‫ﺒـﺩ‬ ،‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬(ICOM)،‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻠﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬(CIDOC)‫ﺒﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬24
.‫ﻭﺠﺎﺀ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬)(CRM،‫ﻭﺭﻜﺯ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤﺭﺠﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻹ‬‫ﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻠﺘﺭﺍﺙ‬‫ﻓﻬﻭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻤﻭﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬‫ﻨﻁـﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺴـﻊ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻑ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺒﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏ‬‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻠﻴﻭﺠﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻠﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼﺕ‬(FRBR)‫ﻭ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬)(CIDOC CRM
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬2003.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﺭﻜﺯﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒـﺎﺕ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻠﻴﻭﺠﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻠﺘـﺴﺠﻴﻼﺕ‬
(FRBR)‫ﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬)(CRM،‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺠ‬ ‫ﺩﻋﺕ‬‫ﻤﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻲ‬)(CRM‫ﻟ‬‫ﺘﻴﺴﻴﺭ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬‫؛‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬(CRM)‫ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻻﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﻤﻭﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻤل‬.‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬‫ﺇﻁﻼﻕ‬‫ﺍﺴﻡ‬FRBROO‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﻡ‬‫ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻩ‬‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬200925
.
‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﺃﻋﺭﺏ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭﻥ‬‫ﻭﺃﻤﻨﺎﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻻﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ‬‫ﻤﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬)CRM(‫ﻭﺍﻤﺘـﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
FRBROO‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫؛‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺩﻴل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬،‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ‬.‫ﺤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻴﺭﻏﺏ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸـﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬‫ﻁﺎﺭ‬.‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬)‫ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻠﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺒﻠﻴﻭﺠﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬"FRBR("‫ﺍﻟﺼﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﻤﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒـﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻨـﺎﻭل‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺎﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻴﻥ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﺴﻴﺘﻡ‬ ،‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺎﺯ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻀﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬‫ﻤﻌﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺇﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬‫ﻠﺘ‬‫ﻌﺒﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺸﻜﺎﻟ‬‫ﻬﺎ‬.
 
‫ﺃ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬،‫ﻴﻌﻤل‬‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺘﻴﺴ‬‫ﻴﺭ‬‫ﻋﻤل‬‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬)EGAD(‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﺤﺩ‬‫ﻯ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﻁـﺭﺍﻑ‬‫ﻭﻤﺒـﺎﺩﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﻨﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ‬.‫ﻭ‬‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺨـﻼل‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﺭ‬‫ﻤﻌﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻴﺘﺎﺩﺍﺘﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬(‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﻔﻅ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬‫ﺴﺘﺭﺍﻟﻴ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬2008(AGRKMS)‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼـﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﺒﺎﻷﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻨﻴﻭﺯﻴﻠ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﻱ‬‫ﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻤﻴﺘﺎﺩﺍﺘﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬(‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﻔﻅ‬،‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ،ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ‬200826
.

12. 12
‫ﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬‫ﻨﺴﺦ‬‫ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻴﺘﺎﺩﺍﺘﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬(‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜـﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﻔـﻅ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺴـﺘﺭﺍﻟﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺨـﺎﺹ‬‫ﺒﻭﻜـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻤﻨﻭﻟﺙ‬،‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬199927
.‫ﻭ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺃﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬،‫ﺒﺩﺃﺕ‬‫ﻟﺠﻨـﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎ‬‫ﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺴـﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﻭﺼـﻑ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬(CNEDA)‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬2007‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺭ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬201228
.
‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺸﻜﻴل‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺨﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ‬‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﻤﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ﻭﺃﺼـﺩﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻭﺩﺓ‬‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻠﻨﺩﻱ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬29
.‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺠـﺩﺭ‬‫ﺸـﺎﺭﺓ‬‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺫﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ‬‫ﻨﻁﻭﻟﻭﺠ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﻭﺩ‬
(EAD)‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬)LOCAH(30
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬AtoM‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠـﺱ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻋﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻸ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬)ICA(‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸـﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠـﺱ‬)ICA(
‫ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬"(LOD)‫ﻟﻸ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻲ‬‫ﻨﻁﻭﻟﻭﺠ‬‫ﻴﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬31
.
‫ﻭﻴﺭﺘﻜﺯ‬‫ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻴﺘﺎﺩﺍﺘﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬(‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻔﻅ‬‫ﺴﺘﺭﺍﻟﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬)AGRKMS(‫ﻤﻌﻴـﺎﺭﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﻴﺯﻭ‬:‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺴﺘﺭﺍﻟﻲ‬‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬(AS ISO 15489)‫ﻭ‬‫ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﻤﻴﺘﺎﺩﺍﺘﺎ‬)‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬(AS ISO
23081)‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜـﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﻭﺩ‬)(SPIRT‫ﻤﻭﻨـﺎﺵ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ‬)Monash University(.
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻨﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ‬"multiple-entity"‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻤﻴـﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟـﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ‬"single-entity"‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻴﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬‫ﺍﻷﺴـﻠﻭﺏ‬‫ﺍﻷﻜﺜـﺭ‬‫ﻟﻠﻭﺼـﻑ‬ ‫ﺸـﻴﻭﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬.‫ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬‫ﻨﻬﺞ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ‬"‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺼل‬‫ﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺸﻜﻠﺕ‬"‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ‬".‫ﻭﻴ‬‫ﺤـﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ‬‫ﺨﻤﺴﺔ‬‫ﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬،‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬.‫ﻜﻴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺩﻭ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ـ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﺨﺎ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺒﻁ‬‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﻜﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻴﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ،‫ﺤﺩﺙ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻥ‬
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺜﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬‫ﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬‫ﺃﻭ‬‫ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺜ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻤﺤﺩ‬‫ﺩﺓ‬.‫ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺤﻴﻥ‬‫ﺒﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺠﻊ‬‫ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‬‫ﺒﺩﻗﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻜﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩ‬"single-entity systems"
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﺇ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺨﺭ‬‫ﻯ‬‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬‫ﺒﺎﻟ‬‫ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬‫ﻭﻜـﺫﻟﻙ‬ ،
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻜﻴل‬.
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬(CNEDA)‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬‫ﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬)ER(‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋـﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻡ‬ ،
‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﻟﻸﺭﺸﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺱ‬)ICA(‫ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ICA-AtoM،‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻤﻌـﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﻴـﺯﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬)‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬15489،23081‫ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬(‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬‫ﻤﺜل‬ ،:‫ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻤﻴﺘﺎﺩﺍﺘـﺎ‬
)‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬(‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﻔﻅ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬‫ﺴﺘﺭﺍﻟﻴ‬‫ﺔ‬)AGRKMS(.‫ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺭﻑ‬‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺴـﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﻭﺼـﻑ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻷﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬(CNEDA)‫ﺃﻥ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸ‬‫ﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺭ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺭﺸﻴﻔ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ‬)‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬‫ﻴـﺘﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬(،‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻑ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬‫ﺨﺭ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ‬،‫ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻬﺩﻑ‬‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬‫ﺇﻋـﺩﺍﺩ‬‫ﻭﺤﻔـﻅ‬‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬‫ﺔ‬)‫ﺍﻟﻭﺜﺎﺌﻕ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻜﻼﺀ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬(‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬32
.‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻴﺤـﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻨـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻤـﻭﺫﺝ‬