Introduction to Microservices

© 2016, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its Affiliates. All rights reserved.
Level 200 (Introductory)
Sidhartha Chauhan, AWS Solutions Architect
Feb, 2016
Divide and conquer for agility and scalability:
Architecting Microservices on AWS

ENTERPRISE
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* As of 1 Feb 2016
2009
48
280
722
82
2011 2013 2015

Challenges with monolithic software
Long
Build/Test/Release
Cycles
(who broke the
build?)
Operations
is a nightmare
(module X is failing,
who’s the owner?)
Difficult to
scale
New releases
take months
Long time to add
new features
Architecture
is hard to
maintain and
evolve
Lack of innovation
Frustrated
customers
Lack of
agility

Challenges with monolithic software
Long
Build/Test/Release
Cycles
(who broke the
build?)
Operations
is a nightmare
(module X is failing,
who’s the owner?)
Difficult to
scale
New releases
take months
Long time to add
new features
Architecture is
hard to maintain
and evolve
Lack of innovation
Frustrated
customers
Lack of
agility

“20080219BonMorningDSC_0022B” by Sunphol Sorakul . No alterations other than cropping. https://www.flickr.com/photos/83424882@N00/3483881705/
Image used with permissions under Creative Commons license 2.0, Attribution Generic License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)

Monolith development lifecycle
releasetestbuild
delivery pipeline
app
(aka the“monolith”)developers

Too much software coupling
Shared libraries

Too much software coupling
Shared libraries
Shared data

Evolving towards microservices
“IMG_1760” by Robert Couse-Baker. No alterations other than cropping. https://www.flickr.com/photos/29233640@N07/14859431605/

“service-oriented
architecture
composed of
loosely coupled
elements
that have
bounded contexts”
Adrian Cockcroft (former Cloud Architect at Netflix,
now Technology Fellow at Battery Ventures)

“service-oriented
architecture
composed of
loosely coupled
elements
that have
bounded contexts”
Services communicate
with each other over the
network

“service-oriented
architecture
composed of
loosely coupled
elements
that have
bounded contexts”
You can update the
services independently;
updating one service
doesn’t require changing
any other services.

“service-oriented
architecture
composed of
loosely coupled
elements
that have
bounded contexts”
Self-contained; you can
update the code without
knowing anything about
the internals of other
microservices

“Do one thing, and do it well”
“Swiss Army” by by Jim Pennucci. No alterations other than cropping. https://www.flickr.com/photos/pennuja/5363518281/

“Tools” by Tony Walmsley: No alterations other than cropping. https://www.flickr.com/photos/twalmsley/6825340663/
“Do one thing, and do it well”

Data Store
(eg, RDS, DynamoDB
ElastiCache, ElasticSearch)
Anatomy of a Micro-service

Application/Logic
(code, libraries, etc)
Data Store
(eg, RDS, DynamoDB

Public API
POST /restaurants
GET /restaurants
Application/Logic
(code, libraries, etc)
Data Store
(eg, RDS, DynamoDB

Drivers
micro-services
Payments
micro-service Location
micro-services
Ordering
micro-services
Restaurant
micro-service
Ecosystem of micro-services

= 50 million deployments a year
Thousands of teams
× Microservice architecture
× Continuous delivery
× Multiple environments
(5708 per hour, or every 0.63 second)

Gilt: Luxury designer brands at members-only prices

... Sale every day at noon EST

Principle 1
Micro-services
only rely on each
other’s public
API
“Contracts” by NobMouse. No alterations other than cropping.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/nobmouse/4052848608/
Image used with permissions under Creative Commons license 2.0, Attribution
Generic License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)

public API
Principle 1: Micro-services only rely on each other’s public API
public API
Micro-service A Micro-service B

public API public API
(Hide Your Data)

public API
Nope!
(Hide Your Data)
public API

public API
(Hide Your Data)
public API

storeRestaurant (id, name, cuisine)
Version 1.0.0
public API
Micro-service A
(Evolve API in backward-compatible way…and document!)

storeRestaurant (id, name, arbitrary_metadata)
addReview (restaurantId, rating, comments)
Version 1.0.0
Version 1.1.0
public API
Micro-service A

Version 1.0.0
Version 1.1.0
Version 2.0.0
public API
Micro-service A

Principle 2
Use the right tool
for the job
“Tools #2” by Juan Pablo Olmo. No alterations other than cropping.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/juanpol/1562101472/
Image used with permissions under Creative Commons license 2.0, Attribution
Generic License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)

DynamoDB
Principle 2: Use the right tool for the job
(Embrace polyglot persistence)

DynamoDB
Amazon
Elasticsearc
Service

RDS
MySQL
Amazon
Elasticsearc
Service

RDS
MySQL
Amazon
Elasticsearc
Service
(Embrace polyglot programming frameworks)

RDS
Aurora
Amazon
Elasticsearc
Service
(Embrace polyglot programming frameworks)

Let’s build
a micro-service!

blog Micro-service
GET /user/getposts
POST /user/postblog

blog Micro-service
Approach #1
EC2

blog Micro-service
EC2EC2 EC2 EC2

blog Micro-service
EC2EC2 EC2 EC2
Elastic Load
Balancer

blog Micro-service
Approach #2
Containers
Using ECS

blog Micro-service
EC2EC2 EC2 EC2
Elastic Load
Balancer
Amazon
EC2 Container
Service (ECS)
to manage
containers

• Prototype in less than 2 months
• Deployment time: hours 
minutes
• Each team can now develop its
respective applications
independently
Coursera
13 million users from 190 countries
1,000 courses from 119 institutions

blog Micro-service
Approach #3
API Gateway
+ Lambda

DynamoDB
Lambda
blog Micro-service

DynamoDB
Lambda
blog Micro-service
API Gateway

AWS Lambda
lets you run code
without managing servers

Upload your code
(Java, JavaScript,
Python)

Upload your code
(Java, JavaScript,
Python)
Set up your code to
trigger from other AWS
services, webservice
calls, or app activity

Lambda
automatically
scales
Upload your code
(Java, JavaScript,
Python)
Set up your code to

Lambda
automatically
scales
Upload your code
(Java, JavaScript,
Python)
Pay for only the
compute time
you use
(sub-second
metering)
Set up your code to

AWS API Gateway
is the easiest way to
deploy micro-
services

Create a unified
API frontend for
multiple
micro-services

Create a unified
API frontend for
multiple
micro-services
Authenticate and
authorize requests

Create a unified
API frontend for
multiple
micro-services
Authenticate and
authorize requests
Handles DDoS
protection and API
throttling

Create a unified
API frontend for
multiple
micro-services
…as well as
monitoring, logging,
rollbacks,
client SDK
generation…
Authenticate and
authorize requests
Handles DDoS
protection and API
throttling

DynamoDB
Lambda
to retrieve
Blog posts
blog Micro-service
Lambda
to store
Blog posts

DynamoDB
blog Micro-service
API Gateway
POST GET
Lambda
to retrieve
Blog posts
Lambda
to store
Blog posts

DynamoDB
blog Micro-service
API Gateway
POST GET
Web UI
Lambda
to retrieve
Blog posts
Lambda
to store
Blog posts

http://sidmusik.com
Lets see server-less micro services in
Action!

Highly Scalable
• Inherently scalable
Secure
• API Gateway acts as “front door”
• Can add authN/authZ; or throttle API if needed
• S3 bucket policies
• IAM Roles for Lambda invocations
Cost-efficient
• Only pay for actual micro-service usage

From a few…

Drivers
micro-services
Payments
micro-service Location
micro-services
Ordering
micro-services
Restaurant
micro-service
…to an ecosystem

Principle 3
Secure Your
Services
“security” by Dave Bleasdale. No alterations other than cropping.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/sidelong/3878741556/
Image used with permissions under Creative Commons license 2.0,
Attribution Generic License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)

Principle 3: Secure Your Services
• Defense-in-depth
• Network level (e.g. VPC, Security Groups, TLS)
• Server/container-level
• App-level
• IAM policies
• Gateway (“Front door”)
• API Throttling
• Authentication & Authorization
• Client-to-service, as well as service-to-service
• API Gateway: custom Lambda authorizers
• IAM-based Authentication
• Token-based auth (JWT tokens, OAuth 2.0)
• Secrets management
• S3 bucket policies + KMS + IAM
• Open-source tools (e.g. Vault, Keywhiz)
API Gateway

Principle 4
Be a good citizen
within the
ecosystem
“Lamington National Park, rainforest” by Jussarian. No alterations other than
cropping.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/kerr_at_large/87771074/

Hey Sally, we need
to call your micro-
service to fetch
restaurants details.
Sure Paul. Which APIs
you need to call? Once I
know better your use
cases I’ll give you
permission to register your
service as a client on our
service’s directory entry.
Principle 4: Be a good citizen within the ecosystem

Restaurant
Micro-service
15 TPS100 TPS5 TPS20 TPS
Before we let you call
our micro-service we
need to understand
your use case,
expected load (TPS)
and accepted latency

…and many,
many others!
Distributed monitoring and tracing
• “Is the service meeting its SLA?”
• “Which services were involved in a request?”
• “How did downstream dependencies perform?”
Shared metrics
• e.g. request time, time to first byte
+ User-experience metrics
Distributed tracing
• e.g. Zipkin, OpenTracing, Wingtips

Principle 5
More than just
technology
transformation
“rowing on the river in Bedford” by Matthew Hunt. No alterations other than cropping.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/mattphotos/19189529/

“Any organization that designs a system
will inevitably produce a design whose
structure is a copy of the organization’s
communication structure.”
Melvin E. Conway, 1967
Conway’s Law

Decentralize governance and data management
Image from Martin Fowler’s article on microservices, at
http://martinfowler.com/articles/microservices.html
No alterations other than cropping.
Permission to reproduce: http://martinfowler.com/faq.html

Silo’d functional teams  silo’d application architectures

Cross functional teams  self-contained services

(“Two-pizza teams” at Amazon)

Full ownership
Full accountability
Aligned incentives
“DevOps”
(“Two-pizza teams” at Amazon)

Principle 6
Automate Everything
“Robot” by Robin Zebrowski. No alterations other than cropping.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/firepile/438134733/

releasetestbuild
Focused agile teams
2-pizza team delivery pipeline service

releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
Focused agile teams

releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
Focused agile teams

releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
Focused agile teams

releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
Focused agile teams

releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
releasetestbuild
Focused agile teams

Principle 6: Automate everything
AWS
CodeCommit
AWS
CodePipeline
AWS
CodeDeploy
EC2 ELB
Auto
ScalingLambdaECS
DynamoDBRDS ElastiCache SQS SWF
SES SNS
API GatewayCloudWatch Cloud Trail
KinesisElastic
Beanstalk

It’s a journey…
Expect challenges along the way…
• Understanding of business domains
• Coordinating transactions across
multiple services
• Eventual Consistency
• Service discovery
• Lots of moving parts requires
increased coordination
• Complexity of testing / deploying /
operating a distributed system
• Cultural transformation

Principles of Microservices
1. Rely only on the public API
 Hide your data
 Document your APIs
 Define a versioning strategy
2. Use the right tool for the job
 Polygot persistence (data layer)
 Polyglot frameworks (app layer)
3. Secure your services
 Defense-in-depth
 Authentication/authorization
6. Automate everything
 Adopt DevOps
4. Be a good citizen within the ecosystem
 Have SLAs
 Distributed monitoring, logging, tracing
5. More than just technology transformation
 Embrace organizational change
 Favor small focused dev teams

Benefits of microservices
Rapid
Build/Test/Release
Cycles
Clear ownership and
accountability
Easier to scale
each individual
micro-service
New releases
take minutes
Short time to add
new features
Easier to maintain
and evolve
Increase innovation
Delighted customers
Increased agility

Benefits of microservices
Rapid
Build/Test/Release
Cycles
Clear ownership and
accountability
Easier to scale
each individual
micro-service
New releases
take minutes
Short time to add
new features
Easier to
maintain and
evolve system
Faster innovation
Delighted customers
Increased agility

Additional AWS resources:
• Zombie Microservices Workshop:
https://github.com/awslabs/aws-lambda-zombie-workshop
• Serverless Webapp - Reference Architecture:
https://github.com/awslabs/lambda-refarch-webapp
• Microservices with ECS:
https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/compute/using-amazon-
api-gateway-with-microservices-deployed-on-amazon-ecs/
• Serverless Service Discovery:
https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/developer/
serverless-service-discovery-part-1-get-started/
• ECS Service Discovery:
https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/compute/
service-discovery-an-amazon-ecs-reference-architecture/
• Microservices without the Servers
https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/compute/
microservices-without-the-servers
Popular open-source tools:
• Serverless – http://serverless.com
• Apex - http://apex.run/
https://aws.amazon.com/devops/
Additional resources

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your evaluations!

Introduction to Microservices

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