This document provides an overview of the topic of personality from a psychology course. It defines personality and discusses its meaning, characteristics, development, components, and theories. Some key points: 1. Personality is defined as a relatively stable set of characteristics that influence behavior. It is unique to each individual and results from interactions between their nature and nurture. 2. Major components of personality include the big five traits - openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. 3. Leading theories of personality structure include Freud's model of the id, ego, and superego and their interactions. 4. Factors that influence personality development include biological

1. COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
TOPIC 11- PERSONALITY
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(Psychiatry & Psychology)
CREDIT HOURS 3(3-0)
Instructor : Miss Hina Mirza
Clinical psychologist ,Counselor , Educationist
MINHAJ UNIVERSITY LAHORE

3. Topic-11 Personality
• Objectives:
1. Definition
2. Meanings
3. Characteristics of personality
4. Development of personality
5. Components of personality
6. Theories of personality
7. Structure of personality
8. Five traits of personality

4. Definition of Personality
Personality – “A relatively stable set of characteristics that influences
an individual’s behavior.”
“ A Cause of Behviour “
“A whole man Concept”
Personality
“Persona” (Latin)
“To Speak Through”

5. Meaning
• Latin word – persona
• -the mask worn by the actors while playing their
role in the drama
• PERSONALITY
• P – Perception capacity
• E – Emotional maturity
• R – responsiveness to the situation
• S – Sociability
• O – Originality
• N – Neutrality
• A – Appearance (external)
• L – Leadership feeling
• I – Integrated
• T – Tendency
• Y – Young (in thinking)

6. Definition
• Personality is the dynamic organization
within the individual of those psycho-
physical systems that determine his unique
adjustment to his environment
- Gordon W. Allport

7. Definition of Personality
• An individual’s personality is a unique entity resulting from the
interaction between a person and his environment.
• It can be understood in terms of a person’s behavior, actions,
postures, words, attitudes and opinions.
• Personality can also be described as an individual's hidden feelings
about the external world.

8. Characteristics of Personality
• Whole rather than its parts
• Unique
• Comprises of heredity and environment
• Made up of traits
• Dynamic
• Organized

9. Development of Personality
Physique
• Pituitary Gland
Chemique
Environment
• Thyroid Gland
• Adrenal Gland
• Sex Gland
• Home
• School
• Society
• Cultural Difference
Learning

10. Factors influencing Personality Development
Personality
Factors
Biological
Factors
Physique
Chemique
Nervous System
Sociological
Factors
Home School
Language
Culture
Psychological
Factors
Intelligence
Motivation
Emotion
Attitude Interest
Sentiment

11. Personality Theories

12. Personality Theories
• System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles
proposed to explain personality; includes five perspectives:
• Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and
how they relate to actual behavior
• Psychodynamic Theories: Sigmund Freud-Focus on the inner
workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
• Behavioristic Theories: Focus on external environment and on effects
of conditioning and learning
• Social Learning Theories: Attribute differences in perspectives to
socialization, expectations, and mental processes
• Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience and
personal growth

13. Personality Structure

14. Personality Structure
Freud’s idea of
the mind’s
structure
Id
Superego
Ego Conscious mind
Unconscious
mind

15. Personality Structure
Id
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic
energy
strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive
drives
operates on the pleasure principle,
demanding immediate gratification

16. Personality Structure
Ego
the largely conscious, “executive” part of
personality
mediates among the demands of the id,
superego, and reality
operates on the reality principle, satisfying
the id’s desires in ways that will realistically
bring pleasure rather than pain

17. Personality Structure
Superego
the part of personality that presents
internalized ideals
Represents “rules” of society
provides standards for judgment (the
conscience) and for future aspirations

18. Id and Superego
• Id and Superego are in constant conflict
• This cause guilt and anxiety
• People need to learn how to cope with this conflict– some do it
successfully and others don’t
• Conflicts most be resolved by ego

19. Components of
Personality

20. Components of Personality
• Openness to Experience
• Conscientiousness
• Extraversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism (emotionality)

21. 1-Openness to experience-
• Inventive/Curious vs. Consistent/Cautious
Openness to experience includes multiple experiences like
appreciating art, experiencing various emotions and taking up
adventurous ideas. Someone who is inventive and curious is likely to
have a more active cognitive thought process and multiple/different
ways of dealing with a situation or problem

22. 2-Conscientiousness-
• Efficient/ Organized vs. Easy-going/ Careless
It represents a planned and organized approach rather than
spontaneity and randomness. A 'structured' person puts great value
on order and control which reflects a way of approaching tasks.
For example, such a person plans a project to the last detail, in a
precise manner. In certain extreme cases, it appears somewhat
obsessional or overly perfectionist. A 'low structure' person has a
more relaxed and casual approach to life. As long as jobs are
completed, they do not worry about structures or schedules or
organization and can sometimes appear disorganized. They may
miss important details or be late for appointments. In a managerial
sense, they prefer the over-view or strategic approach, rather than
the detail-oriented approach of a project.

23. 3-Extraversion-
• Outgoing/Energetic vs. Solitary/Reserved
Extraversion implies energy, positive emotions, forcefulness,
friendliness, and chattiness. The extrovert person is sociable,
outgoing and attracted to others. However, extroverts can be
impulsive and sometimes take risks without weighing the odds.
Contrarily, an introvert is less concerned with others and is more
inward-looking. Generally, there is less excitement, moderate
outlook and a cautious approach to work. Introverts do not want to
be 'in charge' or seek the limelight. More often, their attitude is one
of personal challenge (the inner game), rather than competition
with others.

24. 4-Agreeableness-
• Friendly/Compassionate vs. Cold/Unkind
• The ability to show compassion and co-operation. It is a personality
trait that can help you be an amicable person in the workplace.
Giving a cold shoulder to people you encounter on a regular basis
may not go down well and may hinder your work and progress in the
long and short run.

25. 5-Neuroticism
• Sensitive/Nervous vs. Secure/Confident
It refers to emotional stability, control over emotions and impulses, a
tendency for anger, nervousness, despair, or susceptibility.
Those with self-confidence are relaxed, optimistic, enjoy responsibility and
like to be tested. Under pressure, they react calmly and in an organized way,
and have faith in their coping ability. At work, they can deal with unexpected
events easily, and present their views confidently.
Those with low confidence or high emotionality, have difficulty coping with
stress. While they can assume responsibility, they may find it to be a strain.
They also question their abilities, and show pessimism. At workplace, they
like predictability and avoid complex, open-ended situations. It suggests that
routine jobs in large, supportive organizations are more likely to suit them.

26. Big Five Personality Traits
Extraversion Outgoing, assertive,
sociable
Agreeableness Cooperative, warm,
agreeable
Conscientiousness Hardworking, organized,
dependable
Emotional stability Calm, self-confidant, cool
Openness to
experience
Creative, curious, cultured
Sources: P. T. Costa and R. R. McCrae, The NEO-PI Personality Inventory (Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992); J. F. Salgado, “The
Five Factor Model of Personality and Job Performance in the European Community,” Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (1997): 30-43.

27. What Type of
Personality do You have
your seat fellow ?
Class Activity

29. Question and Discussion