Figure 9.10 Overview of translation. In eukaryotes, RNA transcribed in the nucleus moves into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes simultaneously translating the same mRNA are called polysomes.
Figure 9.13 An amino acid substitution results in abnormally shaped red blood cells characteristic of sickle-cell anemia.
A base-pair substitution results in the abnormal beta globin chain of sickle hemoglobin (HbS). The sixth amino acid in such chains is valine, not glutamic acid. The difference causes HbS molecules to form rod-shaped clumps that distort normally round blood cells (red) into sickle shapes (tan).