The document discusses patterns of strabismus, specifically the A pattern and V pattern. The A pattern involves relative convergence on upgaze and divergence on downgaze, while the V pattern is the opposite with relative divergence on upgaze and convergence on downgaze. Variants include the X, Y, lambda, and diamond patterns. The etiology of these patterns involves dysfunction of the horizontal, vertical, or oblique eye muscles. Clinical features may include anomalous head posture, amblyopia, and abnormal retinal correspondence. Diagnosis involves measuring alignment in upgaze and downgaze while preventing accommodation.
3. A Pattern
Relative convergence on up gaze and
relative divergence on down gaze
Minimum of 10-pd dioptres difference
b/w upgaze and down gaze
4. V Pattern
Relative divergence on up gaze and
relative convergence on down gaze
Minimum of 15-pd dioptres difference
b/w upgaze and down gaze
Thisallows for a slight physiological V
pattern
5. Variants of A and V patterns include:
X pattern: There is relative divergence on both
up- and downgaze.
Y pattern: There is relative divergence on upgaze
with no significant difference
between the primary position and downgaze.
λ pattern: There is relative divergence on
downgaze with no significant difference
between the primary position and upgaze.
♦ pattern: There is relative convergence on both
up- and downgaze.
8. why necessary???
Common entity
Countless surgical overcorrections and
undercorrections have been made due to
failure to recognise patterns
9. History…
The alteration in the degree of convergence
and divergence on gaze change ---
Duane(1897)
10. History…
Lancaster(1944) recommended measuring
deviation in upgaze and downgaze
Scobee(1947) emphasized using versions to
detect oblique muscle OA
11. History…
Albert suggested A pattern and V pattern
Costenbader(1958) fully described and
designated A and V patterns
Knapp recommended surgery on dysfunctional
oblique muscles for A and V patterns
12. Must-know points…
Anatomy of EOMs
Only
when there is integrity of a sensorimotor
apparatus is there a BSV
Any anomaly---no normal BSV
Origin of EOMs
13.
14.
15.
16. Must-know points…
Anatomical pecularities of IO
Only EOM that does not originate from the orbital
apex
Short tendon of less than 2 mm
The tendon-insertion lies within 2 mm of macula
Run shortest course
Only muscle to come in contact with other two
muscles:IR and LR
19. AETIOLOGY:
A great deal has been advanced as regards
the role of
Horizontal,
vertical and oblique muscle
dysfunctions
Facial characteristics
Abnormal muscle insertions
20. AETIOLOGY:
But no unanimity concerning pathophysiology
has been gained
Several schools of thought have evolved and
some of them which are into acceptance are
presented here
21. AETIOLOGY:
Horizontal school
V pattern esotropia: OA of MR on downgaze
OA of LR on upgaze
V pattern exotropia: OA of LR on upgaze
OA of MR on downgaze
A pattern exotropia: UA of MR on downgaze
A pattern esotropia: UA of LR on upgaze
22. AETIOLOGY:
Horizontal school
Ifthis were the case then in case of bilateral
abducens paralysis, there would be invariably a
case of A pattern esotropia
The pattern is only occasionally observed and this
contradicts the mechanism championed by Urist
23. AETIOLOGY:
Horizontal school
Ithas been found that there occurs an elevation
or depression upon adduction
And this is a common feature in A and V pattern
Villascea shared a view that although some
vertical elements could be present, the pattern
strabismus could be treated with the horizontal
surgery only
24. AETIOLOGY:
Horizontal school
Also in EMG studies in V exotropia it was found
that there occurred a cocontraction of both
horizontal muscles of the fixating eye and
abnormal LR activity of the deviating eye.
Thiswould not suffice to be a real aetiological
factor
25. AETIOLOGY:
Vertical school
Brown championed opinion that A or V pattern
may be caused by primary anomalies in vertical
muscles which have adductive function in tertiary
action
26. AETIOLOGY:
Vertical school
A syndrome: with eyes looking up and elevators
contracting, the increased adduction of eyes
could be caused by OA ing SR and by UA ing IOs
and with eyes looking down and the depressors
contracting the increased abduction could be due
to OA ing SOs and UA ing IR
27. AETIOLOGY:
Vertical school
V syndrome: the increased abduction of eyes
when looking up would be due to OA ing IOs and
the UA ing SR and the increased adduction in
downgaze would be due to OA of IR and UA of
SOs.
28. AETIOLOGY:
Oblique school
A syndrome: OA of SOs
V Syndrome: OA of IOs
29. AETIOLOGY:
Oblique school
A syndrome: OA of SOs
Overaction may be primary or secondary to
UA(paresis) of IOs.
SO is abductor and its abducting factor will be most
noticeable in depression
There occurs relative divergence of eyes producing A
pattern
30. AETIOLOGY:
Oblique school
V syndrome: OA of IOs
Overaction may be primary or secondary to
UA(paresis) of SOs.
IO is abductor and its abducting factor will be most
noticeable in elevation
There occurs relative divergence of eyes producing V
pattern
31. AETIOLOGY:
Anatomical factors:
Urrets-Zavalia reported association of A esotropia
(with UA ing IOs) and V exotropia (with OA ing
IOs) in patients with mongoloid features
Mongoloid features:
Hyperplasia of malar bones
Upward slanting of palpebral fissures
Straight lower lid margin
33. AETIOLOGY:
Anatomical factors:
Urrets-Zavalia reported association of V esotropia
(with OA ing IOs) and A exotropia (with UA ing
IOs) in patients with antimongoloid features
Antimongoloid features:
Hypoplasia of malar bones
Downward slanting of palpebral fissures
S-shaped contour of lid margin
35. Projection of the positions of the extraocular muscles onto a horizontal
plane. Dimensions, to scale, are from measurements in rectilinear three-
dimensional coordinates (see Table 2, Ruete's figures). The oblique
muscles have nearly the same plane of action. (Modified from Hering E:
The Theory of Binocular Vision. New York, Plenum Press, 1977.)
36. AETIOLOGY:
Anatomical factors:
Normally the direction of the IOs and the reflected
portion of the tendon of SO are || to each other in relation
to the Y axis.
Sagitallisation or desagittalisation of oblique muscles due
to variations in origin and/or insertion of muscles can
result in pattern strabismus
37. AETIOLOGY:
Anatomical factors:
Forexample plagiocephaly increases the angle
b/w the reflected part of the SO and the plane of
the IO
Thus decreasing depressing action of the SO and
resulting in OA of IO
38. AETIOLOGY:
Anatomical factors:
Coats reported the association of V pattern
strabismus in 10 out of 14 cases of craniofacial
synostosis
Paysse observed strabismus in 59% of patients
with Spina bifida and 47% of strabismic patients
had A pattern strabismus
39.
40. AETIOLOGY:
Muscle Insertion:
Many have reported anomalies in the insertions of
horizontal recti muscles; thus, if the muscles
insertions are higher or lower than normal,
adduction or abduction is subsequently increased
in upgaze or downgaze
41. AETIOLOGY:
Muscle Insertion:
Raised insertion of MR has been found in pxs
with elevation on adduction
In
V pattern, the MR insertions were higher than
normal and the LR insertions were lower than
normal
Resultingin increased abduction of LR on elevation
and increased adduction of MR on depression
42. AETIOLOGY:
Muscle Insertion:
In
A pattern, the LR insertions were higher than
normal and the MR insertions were lower than
normal
Resultingin increased adduction of MR on elevation
and increased abduction of LR on depression
43. AETIOLOGY:
Sensory Deprivation:
Guyton and Weingarten hypothesized that poor
binocular function may result in pattern
strabismus.
Deficient fusion is a/w excyclotorsion of globe
Withexcyclotorsion, MR becomes a partial
elevator whereas SR has a reduced elevating
component
44. AETIOLOGY:
Sensory Deprivation:
Kusheralso discussed the effect that torsion of
globe has on horizontal function in upgaze and
downgaze
45. Prevalence:
Co-existence of A or V pattern with horizontal
strabismus is seen in
12.5% to 50% of cases
Urist MJ. The etiology of the so called A and V
syndromes. Am J Ophthal 1951; 46:245-267
47. Prevalence:
According to 1964 American Academy of
Ophthalmology:
V eSo> A eSo> V eXo> A eXo
However, a somewhat different distribution
was reported by von Noorden and Oslon:
V eXo> A eXo> V eSo> A eSo
48. Clinical Features
Symptoms:
Age at presentation
58% of patients had age of onset at 12 months or
younger out of 421 patients, as reported by
Costenbader
Ifthe pattern is small in magnitude it may not be
recognised until the early school when head posture
becomes apparent or reading difficulties are noted.
49. Clinical Features
Symptoms:
Asthenopia and Diplopia
A eXotropia and V eSotropia
50. Clinical Features
Signs:
Anomalous Head Posture
11% of patients with alphabet patterns
Kushner BJ. Ocular causes of abnormal head
posture. Ophthalmology 1979; 86:2115
51. Clinical Features
Signs:
Anomalous Head Posture
A eSotropia
and V exotropia have fusion in the
downward gaze
So usually have chin elevation
52.
53. Clinical Features
Signs:
Anomalous Head Posture
V eSotropia and A exotropia have fusion in the upward
gaze
So usually have chin depression
54.
55. Clinical Features
Signs:
Amblyopia
Same as found in other forms of strabismus
However,a dissertation titled “CLINICAL
EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF A OR V
PATTERN TROPIAS IN SQUINT” prepared at the
Minto Ophthalmic Hospital, Bangalore Medical College
& Research Institute, Bangalore maintained:
59. Patients at high risk
Craniofacial anomalies like
craniosynostosis, spina bifida
Antimongoloid lid fissures (A eXotropia and V
eSotropia)
Mongoloid lid fissures (A eSotropia and V
eXotropia)
Infantile esotropia (V eSotropia)
61. PSEUDOPATTERNS…
Patients with accommodative eSotropia may
have
Pseudo- V pattern
This is particularly apparent if the patient is
examined without hypermetropic correction as
with
Uncorrectedhyperopia there is a tendency to
accommodate in the primary gaze and
downgaze, thus simulating a V pattern
62. Diagnosis
Measure patient‟s alignment in 25º upgaze
and 25ºdowngaze with the patient fixating an
accommodative target at distance, with fusion
prevented
Urist MJ. The etiology of the so called A and V
syndromes. Am J Ophthal 1951; 46:245-267
63. Diagnosis
Measure patient‟s alignment in 25º upgaze
and 35ºdowngaze with the patient fixating an
accommodative target at 33 cm.
Noorden, G. K. von, and Oslon, C.L.:
Diagnosis and surgical management of
vertically incomitant horizontal strabismus
, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 60:434, 1964
65. Diagnosis
Full refractive correction should be worn and
accommodation should be well controlled to
prevent the appearance of pseudo V pattern
66. Diagnosis
The position of sursumversion and
deosursumversion may be achieved
By
moving the fusion target upwards or
downwards, or
By
moving the patient‟s head downwards or
upwards
Stella found no difference in the measurements
under both conditions. This view is supported by
67. Diagnosis
Grading of Inferior oblique muscle overaction
Inferior oblique overaction is graded by observing
the angle the adducting eye makes with the
horizontal line as it elevates and abducts on
lateral version to the opposite side
Grade 1- upto 15º angle with the horizontal line
Grade 2- upto 30º angle with the horizontal line
Grade 3- upto 60º angle with the horizontal line
Grade 4- upto 90º angle with the horizontal line
68. Diagnosis
Grading of Inferior oblique muscle overaction
For practical purposes, oblique overaction is
graded as
Mild-
if hyperdeviation is present in sursumduction
Moderate- if hyperdeviation is present adduction
Severe-if hyperdeviation is present in primary position
69. Investigation
Aims
To detect and measure A/V patterns
To assess ocular movements a/w A/V patterns
Toassess significance of A/V patterns for
prognosis and management
70. Investigation
Criteria for diagnosis
V pattern: minimum difference of 15 pd from
upgaze to downgaze
A pattern: minimum difference of 10 pd from
upgaze to downgaze
(Knapp 1959)
There is a physiological tendency to relatively diverge
in upgaze, and thus the minimum standards required
for a V pattern is larger than that for an A pattern
77. MANAGEMENT
Pre Treatment Evaluation
Detailed History
Assessment of BCVA
Cycloplegic Refraction and correction
Measurement of angle of deviation in all the 9
positions of gaze for near and far, with and
without optical correction
Uniocular and binocular motility with particular
attention to the oblique muscle dysfunction
78. MANAGEMENT
Pre Treatment Evaluation
Bielschowsky head tilt test to r/o associated
fourth nerve palsy
Tests like Bagolini glasses, Worth‟s 4 dot test
Anterior segment evaluation
Posterior segment evaluation
79. MANAGEMENT
Treatment
Nonsurgical Treatment
Use of oblique prisms: Conjugate and oblique
prisms may be tried in patients with:
Diplopia
Small deviations
Patients not fit for surgery
80. MANAGEMENT
Treatment
Nonsurgical Treatment
Use of oblique prisms: Conjugate and oblique
prisms may be tried in patients with:
Diamond reported good results with bilateral
conjugate and oblique prisms in V eSotropia
and diplopia
The use of prisms resulted in the reorientation of
the motility field
Diamond S. V-Esotropia aided by conjugate oblique prism
81. MANAGEMENT
Treatment
Treatment of Amblyopia
Conventional occlusion therapy to improve
fixation and VA in the amblyopic eye
Occlusion therapy is effective till 12 years of
age but few authors have seen improvement till
19 years of age so a trial of occlusion therapy is
given to all patients till 18-19 years of age.
82. MANAGEMENT
Treatment
Treatment of Amblyopia
Inverse occlusion in patients with EF to supress
the non- foveal primary directionalisation and to
encourage central fixation
After the central fixation in the affected eye is
restored the occlusion is changed over to the
fixing eye and treatment is continued.
83. MANAGEMENT
Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Goals of treatment
To correct the horizontal and vertical alignment in
useful positions of gaze
To eliminate motor obstacles to maintain and regain
binocular single vision
84. MANAGEMENT
Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Goals of treatment
To eliminate abnormal head posture
To improve the cosmetic appearance of the patient
85. MANAGEMENT
Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Indications and timing of surgery
Difference of angle of deviation in upgaze and in
down gaze of > 15 pd
Squint interfering with the development of BSV
Patients with AHPs
86. MANAGEMENT
Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Indications and timing of surgery
Refractive error and amblyopia treated
Surgery before 8 yr usually results in the attainment
of good fusion
But after 8 yr there may be post operative
vertical, horizontal, torsional diplopia
88. MANAGEMENT
Terminologies
Recession: the tendon of the muscle is
severed from the globe at its insertion and
reattached to the sclera
Marginal Tenotomy: the muscle is weakened
by means of a series of marginal incisions at
right angles to the plane of the muscle
89. MANAGEMENT
Terminologies
Simple Tenotomy: the tendon of the muscle is
severed from the globe at its insertion and not
reattached by sutures
Resection: the severed tendon of the muscle is
severd from the gobe and reattached further
forward on to the sclera
90. MANAGEMENT
Terminologies
Tucking or tenoplication: the muscle and/or its
tendon is folded upon itself and the folds firmly
stitched together so as to produce a shortening
effect
Myectomy: the muscle is cut near its origin, or
near its insertion
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97. References:
von Noorden GK, Chapter 3 „Summary of the
Gross Anatomy of the Extraocular Muscles‟ in
“Theory and Management of Strabismus” 5th
ed, The C.V.Mosby Company, 1996:41-52
Fiona J. Rowe, Chapter 11 „A and V patterns‟
in “Clinical ORTHOPTICS” 3ed ed, WILEY-
BLACKWELL, 2012
98. References:
Urist MJ. The etiology of the so called A and V
syndromes. Am J Ophthal 1951; 46:245-267
von Noorden GK, Chapter 17 „A and V patterns‟
in “Theory and Management of Strabismus” 5th
ed, The C.V.Mosby Company, 1996:41-52
99. References:
Pradeep Sharma. Chapter 6 „Examination Of A
Case Of Squint‟ in “Strabismus Simplified”, 3rd
reprint, 2004
von Noorden GK, Chapter 4 „Physiology of the
Ocular Movements‟ in “Theory and
Management of Strabismus” 5th ed, The
C.V.Mosby Company, 1996:41-52