1. PROJECT REPORT ON DESIGN OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR AWARD DEGREE OF
BACHELOR IN TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
AT
(FOUR MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING)
SUBMITTED BY
AMRITPAL SINGH
B.TECH CIVIL 8TH SEM
1246630
CIVIL Department
NORTH WEST ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DHUDIKE, INDIA

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere thanks to ER. MANPREET
SINGH Site Engineering
At the SUNNY HEIGHT his support and guidance for
doing the project. We express our indebtnessand gratitute
to our guide Er.GAGANDEEP SINGH Developer
Engineer at the BAJWA DEVELOPERS for his guidance
and care taken by him in helping us to complete the
project work successfully. We express our deep gratitude
to HR.DEEPAK at BAJWA DEVELOPERS for his
valuable suggestions and guidance rendered in giving
shape and coherence to this endeavor. We are also
thankful to his team members for their support and
guidance throughout the period of project.

3. INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE COMPANY
Established in 2001, Bajwa Developers Ltd. is amongst
the pioneer premier Infrastucture Development Company
in the region. The group’s turnover is poised to be Rs
10,000 million. The founder, Mr. J.S. Bajwa, has been
instrumental in transforming an underdeveloped area in
Kharar, placed virtually in the backyard of Mohali, into a
mega township having all the modern amenities.
The Mega Township, Sunny Enclave is now expanded to
a sprawling 1800 acres to 2200 acres ( approx.) of area
and is the most developed PUDA-approved colony, and
perhaps the most preferred address in Kharar with
professional expertise and commitment to high quality
standards.

4. STUDY AREA:
Our proposed Site SUNNY HEIGHTS is located at SUNNY ENCLAVE Sec 125,
Chandigarh-Kharar road Mohali .The Jandpur road which is near to site leads JAL
VAYU TOWER Sunny Enclave .The Sunny Heights residential building consists
of 1BHK, 2BHK, 3BHK .The Sunny Heights re 10 storey building, construct three
building. One building have 1BHK floor,2nd building 2BHK floor & 3rd building
have 3BHK floor.

5. SUNNY HEIGHTS
Floor Plan :
1BHK FLOOR
2BHK FLOOR

6. 3BHK FLOOR

7. SPECIFICATION OF THE BUILDING

8. SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK
1) Site Clearance
2) Demarcation of Site
3) Positioning of Central coordinate ie (0,0,0) as per grid plan
4) Surveying and layout
5) Excavation
6) Laying of PCC
7) Bar Binding and placement of foundation steel
8 ) Shuttering and Scaffolding
9) Concreting
10) Electrical and Plumbing
11) Deshuttering
12) Brickwork
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
14) Wiring for electrical purposes
15) Plastering
16) Flooring and tiling work
17) Painting
18) Final Completion and handing over the project

9. DEMAND OF HOUSES
The house is the first unit of the society and it is the primary unit of human
habitation. The house is built to grant the protection against wind, weathers, and to
give insurance against physical insecurity of all kinds. The special features of the
demand for housing consists of in its unique nature and depend on the following
factors.
Availability of cheap finance.
Availability of skilled labours
Availability of transport facility.
Costof labours & material of construction.
Predictions of future demand.
Rate of interest on investment e. g., low rates of interest with facilities of long
term payment may facilities investment in housing.
Rate of population growth and urbanization.
Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.
Taxation policy on real estates
Town planning & environmental conditions.
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:
These building include any building in which sleeping accommodation provide for
normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities.It
includes single or multifamily dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming
houses, restaurants, hostels, dormitories and residential hostels.

10. SURVEY OF THE SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING
Reconnaissance survey: the following has been observed during reconnaissance
survey of the site.
Site is located nearly.
The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and other throne plats over the
entire area.
No leveling is require since the land is must uniformly level.
The ground is soft.
Labour available near by the site.
Houses are located near by the site.
Detailed survey: the detailed survey has been done to determine the boundaries of
the required areas of the site with the help of theodolite and compass.

11. BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS
Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.
Open spaces around residential building.
Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.
Provisions for lighting and ventilation.
Provisions for safety from explosion.
Provisions for means of access.
Provisions for drainage and sanitation.
Provisions for safety of works against hazards.
Requirements for off-street parking spaces.
Requirements for landscaping.
Special requirements for low income housing.
Size of structural elements.

12. ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS LIVING ROOM
KITCHEN
STOREROOM
BED ROOM
OFFICEROOM
BATH & W C
DRESSING ROOM
VERANDAH
STAIR CASE
DESIGNS
DESIGN OF SLABS
LOADS ON BEAMS
DESIGN OF BEAMS
LOADS OF COLUMNS
DESIGN OF COLOUMNS
DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

13. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND MATERIALS USED
Site Clearance– The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of
grass and vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the
site location.
Demarcation of Site– The whole area on which construction is to be done is
marked so as to identify the construction zone. In our project, a plot of 450*350 sq
ft was chosen and the respective marking was done.
Positioning of Central coordinate and layout– The centre point was marked with
the help of a thread and plumb bob as per the grid drawing. With respect to this
center point, all the other points of columns were to be decided so its exact position
is very critical.
Excavation
Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically. Normally 1-2
earth excavators (JCB’s) were used for excavating the soil. Adequate precautions
are taken to see that the excavation operations do not damage the adjoining
structures. Excavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes and dressing of
excavation bottom. The soil present beneath the surface was too clayey so it was
dumped and was not used for back filling. The filling is done in layer not
exceeding 20 cm layer and than its compacted. Depth of excavation was 5’4” from
Ground Level.

14. PCC – Plain Cement Concrete
After the process of excavation, laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is
done. A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with
the soil. It provides a solid bas for the raft foundation and a mix of 1:5:10 that is, 1
part of cement to 5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by
volume were used in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction.
Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and
after placing. Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should
be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from
during placing and for a period of seven days. When joint in a layer of concrete are
unavoidable, and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers
break joint in laying upper layer of concrete. The lower surface is made rough and
clean watered before upper layer is laid.
PCC – Plain Cement Concrete

15. LAYING OF FOUNDATION
At our site, Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a
large area, normally the entire area of the structure. Normally raft foundation is
used when large load is to be distributed and it is not possible to provide individual
footings due to space constraints that is they would overlap on each other. Raft
foundations have the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete
slab resists differential movements between loading positions. They are often
needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads
over a larger area.
In laying of raft foundation, special care is taken in the reinforcement and
construction of plinth beams and columns. It is the main portion on which
ultimately whole of the structure load is to come. So a slightest error can cause
huge problems and therefore all this is checked and passed by the engineer in
charge of the site.
Raft foundations

16. Apart from raft foundation, individual footings were used in the mess area which
was extended beyond the C and D block
CEMENT
Portland cement is composed of calcium silicates and aluminate and aluminoferrite
It is obtained by blending predetermined proportions limestone clay and other
minerals in small quantities which is pulverized and heated at high temperature –
around 1500 deg centigrade to produce ‘clinker’. The clinker is then ground with
small quantities of gypsum to produce a fine powder called Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC). When mixed with water, sand and stone, it combines slowly with
the water to form a hard mass called concrete. Cement is a hygroscopic material
meaning that it absorbs moisture In presence of moisture it undergoes chemical
reaction termed as hydration. Therefore cement remains in good condition as long
as it does not come in contact with moisture. If cement is more than three months
old then it should be tested for its strength before being taken into use.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three different grades
The classification is mainly based on the compressive strength of cement-sand

17. mortar cubes of face area 50 cm2 composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts of
standard sand by weight with a water-cement ratio arrived at by a specified
procedure. The grades are
(i) 33 grade
(ii) 43 grade
(iii) 53 grade
The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand
mortar in N/mm2 at 28 days, as tested by above mentioned procedure.
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is obtained by either intergrinding a pozzolanic
material with clinker and gypsum, or by blending ground pozzolana with Portland
cement. Nowadays good quality fly ash is available from Thermal Power Plants,
which are processed and used in manufacturing of PPC.
ADVANTAGES OF USING PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT
OVER OPC
Pozzolana combines with lime and alkali in cement when water is added and forms
compounds which contribute to strength, impermeability and sulphate resistance. It
also contributes to workability, reduced bleeding and controls destructive
expansion from alkali-aggregate reaction. It reduces heat of hydration thereby
controlling temperature differentials, which causes thermal strain and resultant
cracking n mass concrete structures like dams. The colour of PPC comes from the
colour of the pozzolanic material used. PPC containing fly ash as a pozzolana will
invariably be slightly different colour than the OPC.One thing should be kept in
mind that is the quality of cement depends upon the raw materials used and the
quality control measures adopted during its manufacture, and not on the shade of
the cement. The cement gets its colour from the nature and colour of raw materials
used, which will be different from factory to factory, and may even differ in the
different batches of cement produced in a factory. Further, the colour of the
finished concrete is affected also by the colour of the aggregates, and to a lesser
extent by the colour of the cement. Preference for any cement on the basis of
colour alone is technically misplaced.

18. SETTLING OF CEMENT
When water is mixed with cement, the paste so formed remains pliable and plastic
for a short time. During this period it is possible to disturb the paste and remit it
without any deleterious effects. As the reaction between water and cement
continues, the paste loses its plasticity. This early period in the hardening of
cement is referred to as ‘setting’ of cement.
INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT
Initial set is when the cement paste loses its plasticity and stiffens considerably.
Final set is the point when the paste hardens and can sustain some minor load.
Both are arbitrary points and these are determined by Vicat needle penetration
resistance
Slow or fast setting normally depends on the nature of cement. It could also be due
to extraneous factors not related to the cement. The ambient conditions play an
important role. In hot weather, the setting is faster, in cold weather, setting is
delayed Some types of salts, chemicals, clay, etc if inadvertently get mixed with
the sand, aggregate and water could accelerate or delay the setting of concrete.

19. STORAGE OF CEMENT
It needs extra care or else can lead to loss not only in terms of financial loss but
also in terms of loss in the quality. Following are the don’tthat should be followed
–
(i) Do not store bags in a building or a godown in which the walls, roof and floor
are not completely weatherproof.
(ii) Do not storebags in a new warehouse until the interior has thoroughly dried
out.
(iii) Do not be content with badly fitting windows and doors, make sure they fit
properly and ensure that they are kept shut.
(iv) Do not stack bags against the wall. Similarly, don’tpile them on the floor
unless it is a dry concrete floor. If not, bags should be stacked on woodenplanks or
sleepers.
(v) Do not forget to pile the bags close together
(vi) Do not pile more than 15 bags high and arrange the bags in a header-and-
stretcher fashion.
(vii) Do not disturb the stored cement until it is to be taken out for use.
(viii) Do not take out bags from one tier only. Step back two or three tiers.

20. COARSE AGGREGATE
Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone .It should
be hard, strong, dense, durable, clean, and free from clay or loamy admixtures or
quarry refuse or vegetable matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical, or
rounded shaped and should have granular or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy)
non-powdery surfaces.Aggregates should be properly screened and if necessary
washed clean before use.
Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or flaky pieces or mica should be
rejected. The grading of coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of IS-
383.
After 24-hrs immersion in water, a previously dried sample of the coarse
aggregate should not gain in weight more than 5%.
Aggregates should be stored in such a way as to prevent segregation of sizes and
avoid contamination with fines.
Depending upon the coarse aggregate color, there quality can be determined as:
Black => very good quality
Blue => good
Whitish =>bad quality
FINE AGGREGATE
Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS Sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Fine
aggregate is added to concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformity in
mixture. Usually, the natural river sand is used as fine aggregate. Important thing
to be considered is that fine aggregates should be free from coagulated lumps.

21. BRICKWORK
Brickwork is masonry done with bricks and mortar and is generally used to build
partition walls. In our site, all the external walls were of concrete and most of the
internal walls were made of bricks. English bond was used and a ration of 1:4 (1
cement: 4 coarse sand) and 1:6 were used depending upon whether the wall is 4.5
inches or 9 inches. The reinforcement shall be 2 nos. M.S. round bars or as
indicated. The diameter of bars was 8mm. The first layer of reinforcement was
used at second course and then at every fourth course of brick work. The bars were
properly anchored at their ends where the portions and or where these walls join
with other walls. The in laid steel reinforcement was completely embedded in
mortar.
Bricks can be of two types. These are:
1) Traditional Bricks-The dimension if traditional bricks vary from 21 cm to
25cm in length,10 to 13 cm in width and 7.5 cm in height in different parts of
country .The commonly adopted normal size of traditional brick is 23 * 11.5*7.5
cm with a view to achieve uniformity in size of bricks all over country.
2) Modular Bricks– Indian standard institution has established a standard size of
bricks such a brick is known as a modular brick. The normal size of brick is taken
as 20*10*10 cm whereas its actual dimensions are 19*9*9 cm masonry with
modular bricks workout to be cheaper there is saving in the consumption of bricks,
mortar and labour as compared with masonry with traditional bricks.
Traditional Bricks Modular Bricks

22. STRENGTH OF BRICK MASONRY
The permissible compressive stress in brick masonry depends upon the following
factors:
1. Type and strength of brick.
2. Mix of motor.
3. Size and shape of masonry construction.
The strength of brick masonry depends upon the strength of bricks used in the
masonry construction. The strength of bricks depends upon the nature of soil used
for making and the method adopted for molding and burning of bricks .since the
nature of soil varies from region to region ,the average strength of bricks varies
from as low as 30kg/sq cm to 150 kg /sq cm the basic compressive stress are
different crushing strength.
There are many checks that can be applied to see the quality of bricks used on the
site.Normally the bricks are tested for Compressive strength, water absorption,
dimensional tolerances and efflorescence. However at small construction sites the
quality of bricks can be assessed based on following, which is prevalent in many
sites.

23. • Visual check – Bricks should be well burnt and of uniform size and color.
• Striking of two bricks together should produce a metallic ringing sound.
• It should have surface so hard that can’t be scratched by the fingernails.
• A good brick should not break if dropped in standing position from one metre
above ground level.
• A good brick shouldn’t absorb moisture of more than 15-20% by weight, when
soaked in water For example; a good brick of 2 kg shouldn’t weigh more
than 2.3 to 2.4 kg if immersed in water for 24 hours.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN BRICK MASONRY WORK
• Bricks should be soaked in water for adequate period so that the water penetrates
to its full thickness. Normally 6 to 8 hours of wetting is sufficient.
• A systematic bond must be maintained throughout the brickwork. Vertical joints
shouldn’t be continuous but staggered.
• The joint thickness shouldn’t exceed 1 cm. It should be thoroughly filled with the
cement mortar 1:4 to 1:6 (Cement: Sand by volume)
• All bricks should be placed on their bed with frogs on top (depression on top of
the
brick for providing bond with mortar).
• Thread, plumb bob and spirit level should be used for alignment, verticality and
horizontality of construction.
• Joints should be raked and properly finished with trowel or float, to provide good
bond.
• A maximum of one metre wall height should be constructed in a day.

24. REINFORCEMENT
Steel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross
section in concrete structure. They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain
concrete without steel or any other reinforcement is strong in compression but
weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcements, to take care of
those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads
Mild steel bars conforming to IS: 432 (Part I) and Cold-worked steel high strength
deformed bars conforming to IS: 1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade Fe 500, where 415
and 500 indicate yield stresses 415 N/mm2 and 500 N/mm2 respectively) are
commonly used. Grade Fe 415 is being used most commonly nowadays. This has
limited the use of plain mild steel bars because of higher yield stress and bond
strength resulting in saving of steel quantity. Some companies have brought
thermo mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion resistant steel (CRS) bars with
added features.
Bars range in diameter from 6 to 50 mm. Cold-worked steel high strength
deformed bars start from 8 mm diameter. For general house constructions, bars of
diameter 6 to 20 mm are used
Transverse reinforcements are very important. They not only take care of structural
requirements but also help main reinforcements to remain in desired position. They
play a very significant role while abrupt changes or reversal of stresses like
earthquake etc.
They should be closely spaced as per the drawing and properly tied to the
main/longitudinal reinforcement
TERMS USED IN REINFORCEMENT
BAR-BENDING-SCHEDULE
Bar-bending-schedule is the schedule of reinforcement bars prepared in advance
before cutting and bending of rebars. This schedule contains all details of size,
shape and dimension of rebars to be cut.

25. LAP LENGTH
Lap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length..
Lap length about 50 times the diameter of the bar is considered safe. Laps of
neighboring bar lengths should be staggered and should not be provided at one
level/line. At one cross section, a maximum of 50% bars should be lapped. In case,
required lap length is not available at junction because of space and other
constraints, bars can be joined with couplers or welded (with correct choice of
method of welding).
ANCHORAGE LENGTH
This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted in other
at the junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam column
junction, column bars in footing etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap
length mentioned in previous question or as per the design instructions

26. COVER BLOCK
Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the shuttering
plates and there by providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as per
the design drawings. Sometimes it is commonly seen that the cover gets misplaced
during the concreting activity. To prevent this, tying of cover with steel bars using
thin steel wires called binding wires (projected from cover surface and placed
during making or casting of cover blocks) is recommended. Covers should be
made of cement sand mortar (1:3). Ideally, cover should have strength similar to
the surrounding concrete, with the least perimeter so that chances of water to
penetrate through periphery will be minimized. Provision of minimum covers as
per the Indian standards for durability of the whole structure should be ensured.
Shape of the cover blocks could be cubical or cylindrical. However, cover
indicates thickness of the cover block. Normally, cubical cover blocks are used. As
a thumb rule, minimum cover of 2” in footings, 1.5” in columns and 1” for other
structures may be ensured.

27. SHUTTERING AND SCAFFOLDING
DEFINITION
The term ‘SHUTTERING’ or ‘FORMWORK’ includes all forms, moulds,
sheeting, shuttering planks, walrus, poles, posts, standards, leizers, V-Heads, struts,
and structure, ties, prights, walling steel rods, bolts, wedges, and all other
temporary supports to the concrete during the process of sheeting.
SHUTTERING SCAFFOLDING
SCAFFOLDING
a temporary structure on the outside of a building, made of wooden planks and
metal poles, used by workmen while building, repairing, or cleaning the building.

28. FORM WORK
Forms or moulds or shutters are the receptacles in which concrete is placed, so that
it will have the desired shape or outline when hardened. Once the concrete
develops adequate strength, the forms are removed. Forms are generally made of
the materials like timber, plywood, steel, etc.
Generally camber is provided in the formwork for horizontal members to
counteract the effect of deflection caused due to the weight of reinforcement and
concrete placed over that. A proper lubrication of shuttering plates is also done
before the placement of reinforcement. The oil film sandwiched between concrete
and formwork surface not only helps in easy removal of shuttering but also
prevents loss of moisture from the concrete through absorption and evaporation.
The steel form work was designed and constructed to the shapes, lines and
dimensions shown on the drawings. All forms were sufficiently water tight to
prevent leakage of mortar. Forms were so constructed as to be removable in
sections. One side of the column forms were left open and the open side filled in
board by board successively as the concrete is placed and compacted except when
vibrators are used. A key was made at the end of each casting in concrete columns
of appropriate size to give properbondings to columns and walls as per relevant IS.

29. CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF FORMS
All rubbish, particularly chippings, shavings and saw dust, was removed from the
interior of the forms (steel) before the concrete is placed. The form work in contact
with the concrete was cleaned and thoroughly wetted or treated with an approved
composition to prevent adhesion between form work and concrete. Care was taken
that such approved composition is kept out of contact with the reinforcement.
DESIGN
The form-work should be designed and constructed such that the concrete can be
properly placed and thoroughly compacted to obtain the required shape, position,
and levels subject
ERECTION OF FORMWORK
The following applies to all formwork:
a) Care should be taken that all formwork is set to plumb and true to line and level.
b) When reinforcement passes through the formwork care should be taken to
ensure close fitting joints against the steel bars so as to avoid loss of fines during
the compaction of concrete.
c) If formwork is held together by bolts or wires, these should be so fixed that no
iron is exposed on surface against which concrete is to be laid.
d) Provision is made in the shuttering for beams, columns and walls for a port hole
of convenient size so that all extraneous materials that may be collected could be
removed just prior to concreting.
e) Formwork is so arranged as to permit removal of forms without jarring the
concrete.Wedges, clamps, and bolts should be used where practicable instead of
nails.

30. f) Surfaces of forms in contact with concrete are oiled with a mould oil of
approved quality. The use of oil, which darkens the surface of the concrete, is not
allowed. Oiling is done before reinforcement is placed and care taken that no oil
comes in contact with the reinforcement while it is placed in position. The
formwork is kept thoroughly wet during concreting and the whole time that it is
left in place.
Immediately before concreting is commenced, the formwork
is carefully examined to ensure the following:
a) Removal of all dirt, shavings, sawdust and other refuse by brushing and
washing.
b) The tightness of joint between panels of sheathing and between these and any
hardened core.
c) The correct location of tie bars bracing and spacers, and especially connections
of bracing.
d) That all wedges are secured and firm in position.
e) That provision is made for traffic on formwork not to bear directly on
reinforcement steel.
STRIPPING TIME OR REMOVAL OF FORMWORK
Forms were not struck until the concrete has attained a strength at least twice the
stress to which the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of form work.
The strength referred is that of concrete using the same cement and aggregates with
the same proportions and cured under conditions of temperature and moisture
similar to those existing on the work. Where so required, form work was left
longer in normal circumstances
Form work was removed in such a manner as would not cause any shock or
vibration that would damage the concrete. Before removal of props, concrete

31. surface was exposed to ascertain that the concrete has sufficiently hardened. Where
the shape of element is such that form work has re-entrant angles, the form work
was removed as soon as possible after the concrete has set, to avoid shrinkage
cracking occurring due to the restraint imposed. As a guideline, with temperature
above 20 degree following time limits should be followed:
.

32. PHOTOS OF SUNNY HEIGHTS
UNDERCONSTRUCTION
3BHK BUILDING

33. SMALL PARK
COVER SEWER TANK

34. Honeycombing of concrete
It may be caused by insufficient fine material in the mix, perhaps due to incorrect
aggregate grading or poor mixing. This can be corrected by increasing the sand and
cement content of the mix and by proper mixing, placing and compaction.

35. TOP VIEW OF THE BUILDING