Literature Review - Public Administration and Social Communication (Corruption)

1. ANALYN P. COMISING
FIGHTING CORRUPTION THROUGH
COMMUNICATION
& PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT

2. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
3 Es of Traditional Public Administration / Core Government
Principles
“5 Es and an A” – Philippine version
(Brillantes & Lorenzo)
General Field
Sub-Field
• ECONOMY
• EFFICIENCY
• EFFECTIVENESS  ECONOMY
 EFFICIENCY
 EFFECTIVENESS
 EQUITY
 ETHICS
 ACCOUNTABILITY

3. ACCOUNTABILITY
As defined by the United Nations
Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the
Pacific, ACCOUNTABILITY is one
of the prerequisites of GOOD
GOVERNANCE.
CORRUPTION
A foremost challenge afflicting
Philippine government when it comes
to accountability is its deep-seated
problem on CORRUPTION.

4. CORRUPTION HISTORY
SPANISH PERIOD
POST-WAR PERIOD
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
21st CENTURY
No compensation
for public
officials making
them vulnerable
to engage in
corruption
Similar to other
newly
independent
states, Philippines
faced a lot of
internal problems,
bureaucratic
corruption being
one of the
foremost
challenges.
First wave of
extensive
corruption
resulting in a
broad network of
graft &
corruption that
involved officials
from the lower
echelons up to
the elite positions
Next to inflation,
CORRUPTION has
been the 2nd top cause
of Filipinos’
dissatisfaction with
government (SWS
2001 survey)

5. Four Syndromes (Categories) of
CORRUPTION in Asia
Politicians use their influence to provide connections to other people,
essentially serving as middlemen (JAPAN)
INFLUENCE MARKET CORRUPTION
There exist networks of elites that may conspire/cooperate to protect
their economic and political advantages (KOREA)
ELITE CARTEL CORRUPTION
Economic moguls (or their clients) are usually the top political figures and
face few constraints from the state or their competitors (CHINA)
OFFICIAL MOGUL CORRUPTION
Present in countries with major political and economic liberalization &
weak institutions (PHILIPPINES)
OLIGARCH-and-CLAN CORRUPTION
2007 Study by Michael Johnston, a
political scientist & professor
emeritus at Colgate University in
the United States

6. CPI
CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX (CPI) OF THE PHILIPPINES
FROM YEAR 2012 to 2022
0 = highly corrupt; 100 = very clean
Data from Transparency International (Berlin)

7. STUDIES

8.  Online Sociological Survey/Study (April-July 2020)
 Research Goal: To look into forming effective
communications between the authorities & the public in
Ukraine and determining the necessary conditions to
reduce the risk of state corruption practices through
communication
 Respondents: 2,683 from different communities
(over 18 years of age)
 Questions (w/ checklists):
1. What kind of information about the activities of the
local government are you lacking?
2. Level of satisfaction w/ the information openness of
local government
3. What information channels on the activities of the
local government do you use?
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
THE GOVERNMENT AND THE
PUBLIC AS A FACTOR IN
LOWERING THE RISK OF
CORRUPTION
Research Article by Iryna Soldatenco
RESULTS:
 The study revealed a lack of interest and confidence in the official channels of informing the population about the
activities of the local governments.
 Local residents prefer to receive information about the activities of local governments from local officials rather
than from official sources – REASON? – low communication activity of local governments especially in areas with
preferences for personal communication among local residents – LEADING to rumors & defamation being spread
w/c further exacerbates the distrust of the government.

9. CONCLUSION:
 Without information transparency for
authorities, the risks of implementing corrupt
practices and the building of distrust in the
institution of power as a whole increase.
 There should be an immediate reform of the
communication strategies being used by local
governments and the introduction of mandatory
practices of informing the population about all
actions of the public authorities, especially in
activities that are vulnerable to corruption. This
will reduce the corruption vulnerability of local
governments and ensure communication
support for anti-corruption methodologies and
social control
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
THE GOVERNMENT AND THE
PUBLIC AS A FACTOR IN
LOWERING THE RISK OF
CORRUPTION
Research Article by Iryna Soldatenco

10. Anti-Corruption
Communication
Strategies

11. National Integrity Systems
Source: https://www.transparency.org/en/blog/what-makes-new-zealand-denmark-finland-sweden-and-others-cleaner-than-most-countries
• Bottom-up model based on public trust, transparency
and social capital
• Strong transparency and accountability mechanism
allowing citizens to monitor their politicians and hold
them accountable for their actions and decisions
• Government openness and effectiveness
• Strong commitment to anti-corruption by political
leaders
• Prioritization of human rights issues
• Freedom of the press
• Civic activism and social trust
• Public participation
- New zealand, Denmark, Finland, Sweden

12. Independent Commission Against Corruption
Source: https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No69/No69_23VE_Man-wai2.pdf
PARTNERSHIP APPROACH – everyone in the community
and every institution has a role to play. The key strategic
partners are:
1. Civil Service Commission
2. All government departments
3. Business community
4. Professional bodies
5. Civic societies & community organizations
6. Educational institutions
7. Mass media
8. International networking
EFFECTIVE EDUCATION STRATEGIES
1. Media Publicity
2. Media education
3. School ethics education programme
4. Establish an ICAC club
5. Corruption prevention talks and ethics
development seminars for public servants &
business sectors.., etc..
- Hongkong ICAC Strategies among others (11 strategies)

13. EXITING THE CIRCLE OF PARTICULARISM
Source: https://www.transparency.org/en/blog/what-makes-new-zealand-denmark-finland-sweden-and-others-cleaner-than-most-countries
1. Organizing/self-organizing those who lose
to the system as a result of corruption
2. The institutionalization of the norms of
honesty & criteria of justice achieved as a
result of particularism destruction,
making them a part of public policy
3. The obligation to submit income and
assets declarations for public sector
employees
4. Public monitoring of the distribution of
public benefits and budget
- ALINA MUNGIU-PIPPIDI

15. To be able to fight corruption…

16. THANK YOU!