Language functions refer to the purposes for which people use language, such as to communicate information, express feelings, or direct others to take actions. They can be categorized as micro functions like physiological needs or macro functions like ideational, interpersonal, and textual. Common types of language functions are informative to share content, expressive to convey emotions, and directive to cause effects. Examples include stating a fact, showing pain, or requesting an action. Teaching language functions involves considering social contexts like relationships, circumstances, and topics of discussion.