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BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 024
CENTRE FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION
TEACHING OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
B.Ed. I YEAR
(Copyright reserved) For Private Circulation only
Chairman
Dr.V.M.Muthukumar
Vice-Chancellor
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirapplli-620 024
Vice-Chairman
Dr.C.Thiruchelvam
Registrar
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirapplli-620 024
Course Director
Dr. R. Babu Rajendran
Director i/c
Centre for Distance Education
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirapplli-620 024
Course Material Co-ordinator
Dr.K.Anandan
Professor & Head, Dept .of Education
Centre for Distance Education
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirapplli-620 024
Author
Dr.Franciska
Asst.Professor,
St.Ignatitus College of Education
Tirunelveli
The Syllabus adopted from 2015-16 onwards
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