All type of cardiovascular disease description in easy and convenient language.

1. SWAMI VIVEKANAND COLLEGE OF
PHARMACY, INDORE
PHARMACOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Cardiovascular Disease
1

2. Cardiovascular Disease
• Hypertension
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Ischemic Disease
– Angina
– Myocardial Infarction
– Atherosclerosis
– Arteriosclerosis
2

3. HYPERTENSION
High blood pressure is usually referred as hypertension. The normal arterial blood
pressure is 120 mm Hg systolic and 80 mm Hg diastolic which depends on cardiac
output and peripheral resistance. BP also varies with age, state of health and conditions
under which it is measured. When the body fails to adjust the BP on a change of
posture i.e. from a horizontal to an erect position, the BP falls. This is called orthostatic
hypotension.
Hypertension
↓
Increase in cardiac output or blood flow
×
Increase peripheral resistance

4. Types of hypertension
1. Primary (97-98%)
2. Secondary (2-3%)
Sign & Symptoms Causes
• Severe Headache
• Drowsiness
• Confusion
• Blurred Vision
• High salt intake
• Low physical activity
• Renin angiotensin system
• Endocrine causes
• Renal causes
• Other causes

6. ETIOLOGY
• Hypertension is a major cardiovascular problem that is largely unsolved.
However, there are a variety of drugs available for treatment which used
singly or in combination reduce arterial pressure substantially. Such
therapeutic effectiveness tends to obscure the fact that we actually know
very little about the mechanisms of hypertension and the functional details
of its natural history.

7. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

8. Congestive Heart Failure
• Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic progressive condition that
affects the pumping power of your heart muscles. While often referred to
simply as “heart failure,” CHF specifically refers to the stage in which fluid
builds up around the heart and causes it to pump inefficiently.
• You have four heart chambers. The upper half of your heart has two atria,
and the lower half of your heart has two ventricles. The ventricles pump
blood to your body’s organs and tissues, and the atria receive blood from
your body as it circulates back from the rest of your body.
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9. 9

10. Congestive Heart Failure
• CHF develops when your ventricles can’t pump blood in sufficient volume
to the body. Eventually, blood and other fluids can back up inside your:
– lungs
– abdomen
– liver
– lower body
– CHF can be life-threatening. If you suspect you or someone near you
has CHF, seek immediate medical treatment.
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11. Types
• Systolic Heart Failure
• Diastolic Heart Failure
• Systolic heart failure occurs when the left ventricle fails to contract
normally. This reduces the level of force available to push blood into
circulation. Without this force, the heart can’t pump properly.
• Diastolic failure, or diastolic dysfunction, happens when the muscle in the
left ventricle becomes stiff. Because it can no longer relax, the heart can’t
quite fill with blood between beats.
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12. Sign & Symptoms
• Dyspnea
• Orthopnea
• Reduced exercise tolerance, lethargy, fatigue
• Nocturnal cough
• Wheeze
• Ankle swelling
• Anorexia

13. Causes
• Hypertension
• Valvular heart disease
• Dilated Cardiomyopathy
• Atherosclerosis
• Anemia
• Cardiac arrhythmia
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14. Cardiomyopathy
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15. Pathophysiology
• Which reduces heart rate.
• Which increases Ventricular filling time.
• Which Increases aortic pressure.
• It reduces stroke volume.
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16. Valvular Heart Disease
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17. Valvular Heart Disease
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18. Ischemic Disease
• Angina
• Myocardial Infarction
• Atherosclerosis
• Arteriosclerosis
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19. Angina Pectoris
• Angina pectoris is the result of myocardial ischemia caused by an
imbalance between myocardial blood supply and oxygen demand. It is a
common presenting symptom (typically, chest pain) among patients with
coronary artery disease (CAD).
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20. Types of Angina
• Stable Angina
– Stable angina occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t get the oxygen it
needs to function properly. Your heart works harder when you exercise
or experience emotional stress.
• Unstable Angina
– Unstable angina is a condition in which your heart doesn't get enough
blood flow and oxygen. It may lead to a heart attack.
• Variant Angina
– Chest pain due to coronary artery spasm, a sudden constriction of a
coronary artery (one of the vessels that supply the heart muscle with
blood rich in oxygen) depriving the heart muscle (myocardium) of
blood and oxygen. This is also called Prinzmetal angina.
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21. Sign & Symptoms
• Chest pain or discomfort, possibly described as pressure, squeezing,
burning or fullness
• Pain in your arms, neck, jaw, shoulder or back accompanying chest pain
• Nausea
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Sweating
• Dizziness
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22. Causes
• Diabetes
• Family history of early coronary heart disease (a close relative such as a
sibling or parent had heart disease before age 55 in a man or before age 65
in a woman)
• High blood pressure
• High LDL cholesterol
• Low HDL cholesterol
• Sedentary lifestyle (not getting enough exercise)
• Obesity
• Older age
• Smoking
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23. Pathophysiology
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24. Pathophysiology
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25. Myocardial Infarction
• Acute myocardial infarction is the medical name for a heart attack. A heart
attack is a life-threatening condition that occurs when blood flow to the
heart muscle is abruptly cut off, causing tissue damage. This is usually the
result of a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries. A blockage can
develop due to a buildup of plaque, a substance mostly made of
fat, cholesterol, and cellular waste products.
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26. Sign & Symptoms
• Pressure or tightness in the chest
• Pain in the chest, back, jaw, and other areas of the upper body that lasts
more than a few minutes or that goes away and comes back
• Shortness of breath
• Sweating
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Anxiety
• Cough
• Dizziness
• Fast heart rate
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27. Causes
• Smoking
• High Blood Cholesterol
• High blood pressure
• Obesity
• Age
• Lack of physical activity
• Illegal Drug use (such as cocaine)
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28. Myocardial Infarction
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29. Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis is a condition where the arteries become narrowed and
hardened due to a buildup of plaque around the artery wall.
• Arteries carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body. They are lined
with a thin layer of cells that keeps them smooth and allows blood to flow
easily. This is called the endothelium.
• Atherosclerosis starts when the endothelium becomes damaged, allowing
the harmful type of cholesterol to build up in the artery wall.
• The body sends a type of white blood cell to clean up this cholesterol, but,
sometimes, the cells get stuck at the affected site.
• Plaque can build up, made of cholesterol, macrophages, calcium, and other
substances from the blood.
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30. Atherosclerosis
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31. Sign & Symptoms
Carotid arteries
Carotid arteries provide blood to the brain. A limited blood supply can lead a
stroke, and a person may experience a range of symptoms as a result of
atherosclerosis in this area, including:
• weakness
• difficulty breathing
• headache
• facial numbness
• paralysis
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32. Sign & Symptoms
Coronary arteries
Coronary arteries provide blood to the heart. When the blood supply to the heart is
limited, it can cause angina and heart attack.
• Symptoms include:
• Vomiting
• Extreme anxiety
• Chest pain
• Coughing
• Feeling faint
Renal arteries
Renal arteries supply blood to the kidneys. If the blood supply becomes limited, there is
a serious risk of developing chronic kidney disease. The person with renal artery
blockage may experience:
• Loss of appetite
• swelling of the hands and feet
• difficulty concentrating 32

33. Causes
Certain factors can damage the inner area of the artery and lead to
atherosclerosis. These factors include:
• High blood pressure
• High levels of cholesterol
• Smoking
• High levels of sugar in the blood
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34. Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
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35. Tests and diagnosis
Doctors may find signs of narrowed, enlarged or hardened arteries during a physical
exam. These include:
• A weak or absent pulse below the narrowed area of the artery
• Decreased blood pressure in an affected limb
• Whooshing sounds (bruits) over the arteries, heard with a stethoscope
• Signs of a pulsating bulge (aneurysm) in the abdomen or behind knee
• Evidence of poor wound healing in the area where blood flow is restricted

36. Tests and diagnosis
Depending on the results of the physical exam, doctors may suggest one or more
diagnostic tests, including:
• Blood tests.
• Doppler ultrasound
• Ankle-brachial index.
• Other imaging tests.
• Angiogram.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG).

37. Tests and diagnosis
• Blood tests. Lab tests can detect increased levels of cholesterol and blood sugar that
may increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
• Doppler ultrasound. Uses a special ultrasound device (Doppler ultrasound) to
measure blood pressure at various points along arm or leg. These measurements can
help doctor gauge the degree of any blockages, as well as the speed of blood flow in
the arteries.
• Ankle-brachial index. This test can tell if one have atherosclerosis in the arteries in
your legs and feet. Doctor may compare the blood pressure in ankle with the blood
pressure in the arm. This is known as the ankle-brachial index. An abnormal
difference may indicate peripheral vascular disease, which is usually caused by
atherosclerosis.

38. Tests and diagnosis
• Electrocardiogram (ECG). An electrocardiogram records electrical signals as they
travel through your heart. An ECG can often reveal evidence of a previous heart
attack or one that's in progress. If signs and symptoms occur most often during
exercise,
• Angiogram. To better view blood flow through heart, brain, arms or legs, doctor
may inject a special dye into your arteries before an X-ray. This is known as an
angiogram. The dye outlines narrow spots and blockages on the X-ray images.
• Other imaging tests. doctor may use ultrasound, a computerized tomography (CT)
scan or a magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) to study the arteries. These tests
can often show hardening and narrowing of large arteries, as well as aneurysms and
calcium deposits in the artery walls.