A comprehensive look at the history and development of the computer. Links to YouTube videos that can enhance student learning or expand the depth and time spent on the topic are included.

1. History of the Computer
http://viewpure.com/CompHis

2. The term computer is derived
from the word ‘compute’ which
means to calculate

3. Zero Generation Computers
Computers developed from -1941

4. The abacus was the first mechanical
device for calculations which could also
perform arithmetical calculations http://viewpure.com/Abacus

5. Prior to the 1500s, a typical European
businessperson used an abacus for calculations
and recorded the result of his ciphering in
Roman numerals. After the decimal numbering
system finally replaced Roman numerals.http://allcomp1.blogspot.com/2010/06/generation-zero-mechanical-calculating.html

7. There were many numeral systems in existence even
before the Roman system of numerals.
The Hindu-Arabic symbols have developed over the
centuries into what we use today; but the change on
the European continent to the Hindu-Arabic system
took a very long time.
Why was Europe using the Roman system of numbers?
http://allcomp1.blogspot.com/2010/06/generation-zero-mechanical-calculating.html

8. The spread of the Hindu-Arabic numerals into standard usage took
a long time especially in Italy, where the Roman numeral system
was dominant until the middle of the 16th century A.D.
In some places in Italy it was forbidden to use anything but Roman
numerals in the late 1200s and early 1300s.
Why did the change take so long?
http://allcomp1.blogspot.com/2010/06/generation-zero-mechanical-calculating.html

9. Probably during the mid-1500s.
When did the big change or acceptance of the Hindu-
Arabic numeral system take place?
Because the printing press came into existence in the mid-1400s and the
Hindu- Arabic numerals were used in printing. By the middle of the 16th
century (and even later in some of the conservative parts of Italy) most of
Europe had accepted Hindu-Arabic numerals.
In addition to the use of the printing press there was an issue of making good
use of individuals' time. It took merchants and bookkeepers much longer to
record data using Roman numerals. The Hindu-Arabic numerals made
keeping records less time-consuming.
Why?
http://allcomp1.blogspot.com/2010/06/generation-zero-mechanical-calculating.html
http://viewpure.com/DevNumber

10. In 1623, Schickard invented a
calculating machine, called by his
contemporaries the Speeding Clock
or Calculating Clock. It preceded the
less versatile Pascaline of Pascal and
Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner by
twenty years.
http://viewpure.com/Wilhelm

11. Schickard's letters to Johannes Kepler show how to use the machine for
calculating astronomical tables. The machine could add and subtract six-digit
numbers, and indicated an overflow of this capacity by ringing a bell; to add more
complex calculations, a set of Napier's bones were mounted on it. Schickard's
letters mention that the original machine was destroyed in a fire while still
incomplete. The designs were lost until the 19th century; a working replica was
finally constructed in 1960.

12. The Pascaline was a mechanical device for
calculations. It could add but not subtract,
divide or multiply.

13. The Pascaline was invented by the French mathematician, Luis Pascal, in
1642 when he was 19 years old so that he could help his father with his
tax work. The Pascaline was so well conceived that its basic design was
still being used at the beginning of the twentieth century.

14. The Pascaline is made up of wheels and gears.
It could handle decimal values by routing a
wheel from one to nine steps. It is used for
adding numbers quickly.
http://viewpure.com/Pascaline

15. http://viewpure.com/Jacquard
Joseph-Marie Jacquard was not the inventor of the programmable loom, as
many people imagine, actually he created an attachment to the loom, which
played a very important role not only in the textile industry, but also in
development of other programmable machines, such as computers, for
example the Analytical Engine of Charles Babbage. http://history-computer.com/Dreamers/Jacquard.html

16. In fact, the term Jacquard loom is a
misnomer, actually Jacquard's invented an
attachment (head), that adapts to a great
many type of looms, that allow the weaving
machine to create the intricate patterns often
seen in Jacquard weaving. Thus any loom
that uses the attachment is called
a Jacquardloom.
In April 1805 emperor Napoleon and empress
Josephine visited Lyon, and during their tour,
they viewed Jacquard's new loom and granted
the patent for Jacquard's loom to the city of
Lyon. In return, Jacquard received a lifelong
pension of 3000 francs, a huge sum for the time.
Moreover, he received a royalty of 50 francs for
each loom that was bought and used during the
period of six years. This was a generous attitude
towards the inventor and made him rich. By
1812 there were some 11000 Jacquard looms in
use in France and despite energetic French
efforts to keep the technology secret, they were
also beginning to appear in other countries.
http://history-computer.com/Dreamers/Jacquard.html

17. Charles Babbage is
known as the “Father of
Computing.”
http://viewpure.com/Babbage

18. Charles Babbage was a
British mathematician who
designed the Analytical
Engine in 1833. Babbage
was the person who first
introduced the idea of
storing and reading
information before
processing it. All modern
computers are based on
this concept.

19. Ada Lovelace
The mother of Computing
http://viewpure.com/Lovelace

20. www.bewareofimages.com

21. Here's the Bernoulli number algorithm, courtesy of the Science Museum.

22. http://findingada.com/
Ada Lovelace Day
Tuesday 11 October 2016
Ada Lovelace Day (ALD) is an international celebration day of the achievements
of women in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM). It aims to
increase the profile of women in STEM and, in doing so, create new role models
who will encourage more girls into STEM careers and support women already
working in STEM.
Founded in 2009 by Suw Charman-Anderson, it is now held every year on the
second Tuesday of October. It features a flagship Ada Lovelace Day
Live! ‘science cabaret’ event in London, UK, at which women in STEM give short
talks about their work or about other women who have inspired them, or perform
short comedy or musical interludes with a STEM focus. In 2015, ALD was held
on 13 October and we packed out Conway Hall, our host venue for Ada
Lovelace Day Live!, with a diverse and appreciative audience.
The day also includes dozens of grassroots events around the world, organised
entirely independently from the ALD Live! event. These events take many forms
— from conferences to Wikipedia ‘edit-a-thons’ to pub quizzes — and appeal to
all ages, from girls to university students to women with well-established
careers. Last year and was the biggest ALD to date with over 150 independently
organised Ada Lovelace Day events, in 82 cities, in 25 countries.

23. Herman Hollerith, an
American statistician,
invented a machine called
the Tabulating machine in
1890.
http://viewpure.com/Census

24. The tabulating machine
was capable of reading
data, processing it and
giving the desired output.
It was capable of reading
both numbers and letters.

25. First Generation Computers
Computers developed from 1941-1956

26. First Generation Computers
• Large
• Expensive
• Used vacuum tubes
• Used magnetic drums for
memory
• Used machine language
• Consumed huge amounts of
electricity
• Developed from 1941-1956

27. FirstGenerationComputers

28. FirstGenerationComputers

29. FirstGenerationComputers

30. FirstGenerationComputers

31. In 1938, Konrad Zuse, Konrad Zuse (22 June 1910 -- 18 December
1995) was a German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer.
http://viewpure.com/KZuse

32. He created the first really functional computer Z1 in his parents'
living room in 1936 to 1938, and it is considered to be the first
electro-mechanical binary programmable (modern) computer.
http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Relays/Zuse.html

33. An English mathematician, logician and cryptographer, Alan Turing
was responsible for breaking the Nazi Enigma code during World
War II. His work gave the Allies the edge they needed to win the
war in Europe, and led to the creation of the computer.
http://viewpure.com/Turing
http://www.biography.com/people/alan-turing-9512017

34. "The fact remains that
everyone who taps at a
keyboard, opening a
spreadsheet or a word-
processing program, is
working on an
incarnation of a Turing
machine.“
By and large, Turing has
been recognized for his
impact on computer
science, with many
crediting him as the
"founder" of the field.
http://www.biography.com/people/alan-turing-9512017

35. Examples of First Generation Computers

36. Second Generation Computers
Computers developed from 1956-1963

37. Second Generation Computers
• Smaller in size
• Faster to program
• Cheaper
• Punchcards for input
• Used transistors instead of vacuum
tubes
• Consumed less electricity (power)
• Used machine and assembly
language
• Mainly used in atomic energy
industry
• Developed from 1956-1963
When compared to First Generation Computers

38. Examples of Second Generation Computers

39. Third Generation Computers
Computers developed from 1964-1971

40. Third Generation Computers
• Smaller in size
• Faster to program
• Cheaper
• Used smaller transistors and integrated
circuits (ICs)
• Transistors and ICs were placed on silicon
chips called semiconductors
• Consumed less electricity (power)
• Can run different programs at the same time
• Magnetic tape and disks replaced punched
cards as medium for input and output
• Can use high level programming languages
• Can be used by “regular people”
• Developed from 1964-1971
When compared to Second Generation Computers

41. Examples of Third Generation Computers

42. Fourth Generation Computers
Computers developed from 1971-1980

43. Fourth Generation Computers
• Powerful
• Compact
• Reliable
• Use binary
• Affordable
-Inspired personal computer revolution
• Use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits
-Have about 5,000 transistors and other
circuit elements and their associated
circuits on a single chip
• Can use high level programming languages like
C, C++, DBASE, etc.
• Timing sharing, Real time, Networks,
Distributed Operation Systems used
• Developed from 1971-1980
When compared to Third Generation Computers

44. Developed for Fourth Generation Computers

45. Examples of Fourth Generation Computers

46. Examples of Fourth Generation Computers

47. Fifth Generation Computers
What is the status of 5th generation computers ?

48. Fifth Generation Computers
•
•
•
•
•
When compared to Fourth Generation Computers
1. Immediately research
and name 5
characteristics of the 5th
Generation of computers
2. Make a QR code of your
resources and place the
QR codes into the Google
document named
Generation 5
Small group in-class assignment

49. Fifth Generation ComputersWhen compared to Fourth Generation Computers
INDIVIDUAL Assignment
Some say the 4th Generation of computers still continues. Others say the 4th generation
of computers stopped in 1980, 1984 or 1990. Using information you have researched
about the events that happened between 1980-1990 choose the year you would, as a
technology historian, choose for the end of the 4th generation and explain the reason
behind your choice in 3-5 paragraphs with appropriate bibliography citing.
Upload your completed document in Google Classroom.
Individual assignment

50. Fifth Generation Computers
• Use super scale integrated chips
• Have artificial intelligence
• Be able to recognize images and graphs
• Be able to use more than 1 CPU for faster
processing speeds
• Work with natural language
• Be able to solve highly complex problems
including decision making and logical
reasoning
When compared to Fourth Generation Computers
1. Immediately research
and name 5
characteristics of the 5th
Generation of computers
2. TEAM: Make a QR code
of your resources and
place the QR codes into
the Google document
named Generation 5
http://www.computerhope.com/history/
TEACHER KEY

51. Bibliography
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4QJJFKmgvc
• http://viewpure.com/CompHis
• http://allcomp1.blogspot.com/2010/06/generation-zero-mechanical-calculating.html
• http://history-computer.com/Dreamers/Jacquard.html
• http://www.biography.com/people/alan-turing-9512017