1. Graphics

2. Introduction
• Graphic is the important media used to show the
appearance of integrative media applications.
• According to DBP dictionary, graphics mean
drawing or engraving matter.
• Graphics can be interpreted as part of the picture,
clip art, photographs and line drawings used to
create the background, content information and
control search for integrative media products.
• It also means the use of visuals to explain the
concepts which difficult to be explained in the text.

3. Introduction (Cont.)
• The role of graphics is to increase the
attractiveness of the display and presentation of
an integrative media.
• Computer graphics refers to the images which
produced using a computer.
• Computer image refers to a simple image such as
lines or circles, or as complex as a fractal.
• Graphics cover a wide range of pictorial
representations.

4. Important of Graphics
• It is important because the visual graphic display can
convey such information more effectively.
• Individuals who receive it can capture information or
message to be delivered with clear, accurate and
consistent than using text alone.
• Graphics such as drawings, photographs or charts very
helpful in communicating such information more quickly
and effectively.
• Visualization is one of the most important processes in the
communication of information and graphics can be used for
this purpose to increase the emphasis on such information.
• It also serves to attract users, illustrate a concept and also
act as a backdrop for a concept.

5. Graphics Resources
• Graphics can be obtained in three ways:-
• made from scratch using computer based
drawing software
• capturing images directly from the screen
(screen capture).
• using the scanner, digital cameras and video
capture.

6. Introduction (Cont.)

7. Introduction (Cont.)

8. Introduction (Cont.)
Stereogram

9. Method of Quality Graphics Production
• Graphics can be categorized into two main groups,
namely:
1. Raster/Bitmap Image.
2. Vector images.

10. Raster/Bitmap Images
• Raster/Bitmap image is formed from a group of pixels
arranged in a easy matrix.
• Each pixel has a set of bits that specify the color and
intensity.
Bitmap Vector

11. Raster/Bitmap Images (Cont.)
Pixels
• Small squares.
• Assigned a binary code to define color.
• more bits = more color possibilities

12. Raster/Bitmap Images (Cont.)
• Bitmap file size is large.
• Two factors that affect the size of the bitmap image
is resolution and depth.
• Resolution is the number of pixels contained in the
image.
• Bitmap file is very dependent on the resolution.
• Each time an image file is created, the image
resolution required to be disclosed.
• High-resolution image will produce sharper images
and smoother than the low-resolution images.

13. Raster/Bitmap Images (Cont.)
• The higher the image resolution, the larger the file.
• Depth refers to the color and description for each
pixel.
• Each pixel consists of two or more colors.
• Color depth can be described by a few bits of data
in the desired colors.
• e.g, 1 bit produce two colors (black OR white)

14. Raster/Bitmap Images (Cont.)
Bitmap Image Format:-
• BMP (emerge since Windows 3.0)
• PICT (use in Macintosh PC)
• TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) - use in scanner.
• GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)- use in WWW.
• JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group)

15. Vector Images
• also known as structured graphics or object-
oriented graphics.
• the basis of drawing elements or objects such as
lines, circles, squares and various other images.
• Vector or vector object image formed as a result of
a series of instructions that directs how the object
will be drawn.
• Objects such as lines, curves, circles and so drawn
and represented in the geometric form
(mathematical formula).

16. Vector Images (Cont.)
• When a line is built, a set of instructions will be
developed to describe the size, position and shape
of the image.
• For example
• Line: line x1, y1, x2, y2, color.
• Circle: radius, color, height.
• Rectangle: top view, side, height, width, color.

17. Vector Images (Cont.)
• Vector images do not depend on the resolution.
• Users need not worries to determine the image
that is created.
• It will be generated at the highest resolution that
can be generated by the output device (such as
monitors and printers).
• For example, vector image editing software such
as Macromedia freehand, Adobe Illustrator and
Fractal Design Expression.

18. Vector Images (Cont.)
Vector Image Format:-
• .CDR (CorelDraw)
• .CGM (Computer Graphic Metafile)
• .DRW (use in Microsoft Designer)
• .DXF (use in AutoCAD)

19. Factors Affecting of Quality Graphics
1. Image Size
• usually refers to the height and width of an
image and is measured in inches, cm and pixel
dots.
• the size of the same image may have a different
resolution.
• For example,
• the image size 3cm x 5cm (20,000 pixels) is
clearer and sharper than 3cm x 5cm size
image (450 pixels).

20. Factors Affecting of Quality Graphics
2. Colour/Bit Depth
• refers to the range of colors present in a pixel or
a number of different colors present in an
image.
• Images can have a color depth of at least two
colors (black and white).
• But the color depth can reach up to 16 million
colors.
• the higher of the color depth, the larger of an
image file.

21. Factors Affecting of Quality Graphics
3. Resolution
• Refers to the number of points (dot pixel) per
inch (dot per inch: dpi) which covers the width
and height of the image (e.g 100 dpi or 1000
dpi).
• Resolution can be reduced, but usually it will
reduce the sharpness or accuracy of the
images.
• Image resolution can be improved, namely the
computer will predict additional data to create
new images with enhanced resolution.

22. Graphics User Manual for Multimedia Products
1. Select graphic format appropriate to the
requirement of the job. (Bitmap OR Vector).
2. Choose the right graphic software.
3. Select a minimum depth of color.
4. Set the delivery system properly.
5. Use of bitmap images for quality and ease of
migration.
6. Use a vector image that can be accepted by the
software composition language.

23. Modelling of Color
• The color is the light wave which consists of
visible color’s spectra.
• The color of an object can be seen when light
reflected from the object.
• For example, the leaves are green because the
object absorbs all colors except green is
reflected.
• If all the colors of an object is reflected, we will
get white.
• If all colors are absorbed by the object, the
resulting color is black.

24. Modelling of Color (Cont.)
RGB CMYK HSB
Hue (red, orange,
yellow, blue, green,
and so forth.)
Saturation (the
enrichment of a
color)
Brightness
RGB Model CMYK Model (intensity of light
illuminating the
object)

25. Software for Creating and Editing Graphics