The document discusses different approaches to discourse analysis including sociology, sociolinguistics, philosophy, linguistics, and artificial intelligence. It also discusses speech act theory, pragmatics, Grice's cooperative principle and conversational maxims, Hymes' speaking grid for analyzing communicative events, and natural vs. non-natural meaning.

1. Luthfi Yulidar
Anindya N.K.D

2. Discourse is more than just language use: it is
language use, whether speech or writing, seen as a
type of social practices (Fairlough, 1992: 28).
The analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the
analysis of language in use. That of language as an
instrument of communication, whose expression is
discourse (Benveniste in Mills, 1997: 4-5).

3. Approaches to Discourse Analysis
Sociology Sociolinguistics Philosophy Linguistics Artificial
Intelligence
• Conversational
Analysis
• Ethnography
• Interactional
Sociolinguistics
• Variation Theory
• Speech Act
Theory
• Pragmatics • Structural-
Functional
• Social
Semiotic
• Birmingham School
• SFL
• SFL
• CDA
Eggins & Slade,1997

4. Approaches to Discourse Analysis
Sociology
• Conversational
Analysis
Sociolinguistics
• Ethnography
• Interactional
Sociolinguistics
• Variation Theory
Philosophy
• Speech Act
Theory
• Pragmatics
Linguistics
• Structural-
Functional
• Birmingham School
• SFL
Artificial
Intelligence
• Social
Semiotic
• SFL
• CDA
The action performed by producing an
utterance will consist of three related acts.
1.Locution
2.Illocution
3.Perlocution

5. Example:
(by a teacher to the class)
“You can play outside for a half an hour”

6. Approaches to Discourse Analysis
Sociology
• Conversational
Analysis
Sociolinguistics
• Ethnography
• Interactional
Sociolinguistics
• Variation Theory
Linguistics
• Structural-
Functional
• Birmingham School
• SFL
Artificial
Intelligence
• Social
Semiotic
• SFL
• CDA
Philosophy
• Speech Act
Theory
• Pragmatics
Hymes (1974) has proposed a methodology
used to discover communicative events. He
classified the components is known as the
speaking grid.

7. Sociology
• Conversational
Analysis
Approaches to Discourse Analysis
Sociolinguistics
• Ethnography
• Interactional
Sociolinguistics
• Variation Theory
Philosophy
• Speech Act
Theory
• Pragmatics
Linguistics
1. The Maxim of
Quantity
2. The Maxim of Quality
3. The Maxim of
• Structural-
Functional
Relation: be relevant
4. The Maxim of
Manner: be
perspicuous
• Birmingham School
• SFL
Artificial
Intelligence
• Social
Semiotic
• SFL
• CDA
Speaker
meaning
Cooperative
principle
Cooperative principle is subdivided into a set
of conversational maxims and sub-maxims.
1. Non-natural meaning
2. Natural meaning

8. Example:
Carol : Are you coming to the party tonight?
Lara: I’ve got exam tomorrow.