2. OUTLINE
• History
• Introduction
• Components- ultrasonic
-fluidic
• Power of phaco
• Needle and hand piece
• Aspiration systems
• Surge
• Venting
• Applications
3. History
• February 1965 CHARLES KELMANN: ultrasonic
tool to fragment the crytalline lens.
• First surgery:3hours,aphakic,rigid IOL.
16. MAGNETOSTRICTIVE HAND PIECE PIEZOELECTRIC HAND PIECE
Electric current induces
magnetic field
electric energy, translates into
oscillations
Less efficient power generation More efficient power generation
Heats up more readily Heats up slowly
Heavy Light weight
Less cost More costly
Unbreakable Fragile
17. Power of phaco
• Ability to destroy lens nucleus
• Depends on: 1. Amplitude
2. Frequency
3.Coupling force
20. Coupling force
This can be achieved by:
*Pressing against the nucleus
*Aspirating
*Pressing the nuclear fragment
with the second instrument
21. Phaco needle tip
Ultrasonic hand piece
Silicon sleeve
Silicon hub
-Distal opening:
aspiration port
-Irrigation fluid flows
through 2 ports located
180◦
22.
23. Phaco needle tip
• Titanium Tip
• Usual Frequency 40 KHz
• Usual Amplitude 3/1000 of an inch
• Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal
• Diameter (19 G-0.9mm,20G-0.6mm)
• Bevel angle (0,30,15,30,45)
31. Tortional ultrasound
•Produces a side-to-side motion of the
phaco tip
•Reduces the repulsion of nuclear
material from the phaco tip.
32. Phaco hand piece terminologies
• Phaco power: ability of hand piece needle tip
to cut/emulsify cataract.
• Directly related to 1. stroke length
2. frequency
3. efficiency of hand piece
33. Phaco modes
• Constant mode: sculpting the nucleus
• Pulsed mode: used in the direct chop of nucleus.
• Hyper pulse mode: allows to vary duty cycle.
-Soft cataract:low duty cycle 15-20%
-Hard cataract:phaco energy is increased with DC
25-33%.
-Large cooling time after each phaco:COLD PHACO
39. • Burst mode:This mode provides a surrounding
tight seal around the nucleus.
-Individual bursts of phaco are ideal for
impaling and gripping dense nuclear material
for chopping.
• Occlusion mode: Ability to change pump
speed & power modulation pre and post
occlusion
41. Maximum phaco power
• Maximum obtainable ultrasonic energy when
foot pedal control is fully depressed
Actual phaco power
• Power actually delivered at a given time
proportional to foot pedal position.
42. Effective phaco time
• Total phaco time at 100% phaco power.
• Less EPT: Less energy delivered to the eye thus
reducing side effects
43. Fluidics
• Balance of fluid inflow and fluid outflow
• Irrigation system: inflow : bottle height
Outflow : sleeve-incision relationship.
Balanced AC dynamics:
irrigation=aspiration+leakage from wound
• Aspiration system:flow rate:How well
particulate matter attracted to phaco tip.
44. Irrigation system and bottle height
A. Bottle height
B.Fluidity of the eye
C.Evacuation pump
D. Exit fluid.
45. Aspiration systems
• Flow rate: quantity of fluid pulled from eye
per minute through irrigation tip.
• Vaccum : negative suction pressure created by
the pump.
50. Comparison of pumps
Peristaltic Venturi
Flow based Vacuum based
Vacuum created on occlusion of
phaco tip
Vacuum created instantly via
pump
Flow is constant until occlusion Flow varies with vacuum level
Drains into a soft bag Drains into a rigid cassette
51. Rise time
• Amount of time required to attain a given
level of vacuum
• Speed with which the maximum value of
vacuum is reached, once the aspiration port is
occluded
• Rise time ∝ AFR ∝ Pump speed
53. How does it imply??
• Rapid Rise Time :
• Less surgical time
• Machine responds fast
• Infusion should be adequate
• Surgeon needs to have quick reflexes.
• Margin of safety is less.
54. Surge
• Sudden cessation of occlusion
• Occlusion High vacuum Occlusion
broken Fluid gushes into Phaco tip
Exceeds inflow capacity of irrigation line
SHALLOW AC
55. Surge
• means collapse of A.C after occlusion breaks
HOW TO PREVENT SURGE??
•Decrease vaccum
•Decrease flow rate
•Stiff and short tubing
•Tighter wounds and raising
bottle height
•Aspiration bypass system
58. Venting system
• To break the vacuum
Air Fluid
high time delays for detecting
vacuum change
low time delays detection for
vacuum change
Responds slowly to
compensate vacuum surge
Responds faster to
compensate vacuum surge
Air venting increases
compliance of the system,
which
increases surge
Compliance is less in a system
with fluid vents with lesser
surge as a result
59.
60. Central safe zone
Area within the CCC margin where phaco can be done safely
csz
Peripheral unsafe zone