Acute Kidney Failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in nitrogenous wastes accumulating in the blood.
Chronic renal failure is a Progressive, irreversible deterioration in renal function in which the body’s ability to maintain metabolic, fluid and electrolyte balance fails resulting in Uremia and Azotemia.
Definition, Etiology, Risk Factors, Stages, Clinical Manifestations, Management, Surgical Management, Prevention, Complications. Nursing Management
7. 1) Dehydration
-Vomiting, diarrhea, water pills, or blood loss.
2) Disruption of blood flow to the kidneys .
-Major surgery with blood loss, severe injury or burns, or
infection in the bloodstream.
-Heart failure or heart attacks causing low blood flow.
-Liver failure causing changes in hormones that affect blood
flow and pressure to the kidney
9. a) Kidney stone: usually only on one side.
b) Cancer of the urinary tract organs or structures near
the urinary tract that may obstruct the outflow of
urine.
c) Medications.
d) Bladder stone.
e) Benign prostate hyperplasia
f) Blood clot.
g) Bladder cancer.
11. 1. Blood vessel diseases
2. Blood clot in a vessel in the kidneys
3. Injury to kidney tissue and cells
12. •Glomerulonephritis
e.g., Streptococcal bacterial infections may damage the glomeruli.
•Acute interstitial nephritis
Medications such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medicines (for
example, aspirin, brufen), and water pills .
14. Acute tubular necrosis
Causes include shock (decreased blood supply to the kidneys),
drugs (especially antibiotics) and chemotherapy agents, toxins
and poisons, and dyes used in certain kinds of x-rays.
Accidents, injuries
complications from surgeries (e g . Heart-bypass surgery)
Polycystic kidney.
15.
16. Risk Factors
• Advanced age
• Blockages in the blood vessels in your arms or legs
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Heart failure
• Kidney diseases
• Liver disease
18. Symptoms
• Vomiting and/or diarrhea, which may lead to dehydration
• Nausea
• Weight loss
• Pale urine
• Haematuria
• Pressure, or difficulty urinating
• Bone damage
• Muscle paralysis
• Low blood pressure
• Pain in the back or side
19. Diagnosis
History collection.
Kidney ,Ureter, bladder X ray.
Serum creatinine and BUN level .(n 7-18mg/dl)
Serum electrolytes.
Urine analysis.
Renal bladder ultra sound.
Renal scan.
CT scans and MRI scan (to identify lesion and masses)
Biopsy
20. Management
Medical and pharmacological treatment
Correcting fluid and electrolyte
Correct dehydration
Dialysis
Cation exchange resins or Kayexalate
IV dextrose50% , insulin and calcium replacement .
Nutritional therapy
Provide protein diet
Foods and fluid containing potassium or phosphorous are restricted
Patient may require parenteral nutrition
24. Definition
CRF or ESRD is a progressive, irreversible deterioration in
renal function in which the body’s ability to maintain
metabolic, fluid and electrolyte balance fails resulting in
Uremia and Azotemia.
30. Clinical Manifestations
• Increased blood urea and serum creatinine level
• Fluid overload, edema
• Weight gain
• Reduction in urine output
• Anemia
• Demineralization of bones
• Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
31. Management
Medical and Pharmacologic therapy:
Calcium and phosphorus binders
Antihypertensive and cardiovascular agents
Anti-seizure agents
Erythropoietin
32. Nutritional therapy
Dietary intervention includes careful
regulation of protein intake, fluid
intake to balance fluid losses, sodium
intake to balance sodium losses, and
some restriction of potassium.
Dialysis
Dialysis is usually initiated if the
patient cannot maintain a reasonable
lifestyle with conservative treatment.
33. Surgical Management
KIDNEY
TRANSPLANTATION:
A kidney transplant is often the
treatment of choice for kidney
failure, compared with a lifetime
on dialysis. A kidney
transplant can treat chronic
kidney disease or end-stage renal
disease to help you feel better
and live longer.
36. Nursing Management
• Assessing fluid status and identifying potential
sources of imbalance
• Implementing a dietary program to ensure proper
nutritional intake
• Promoting positive feelings by encouraging
increased self care and greater independence
• Provide explanations and information to the patient
and family concerning ESRD
• Provide emotional support to the patient and family
37. Conclusion
In this presentation we have discussed about two types of
renal failure: Acute and Chronic Renal Failure. Their causes,
clinical manifestations, risk factors, phases & stages. We
hope through this presentation we have let everyone to know
a thing or two about the kidney failure and how fatal it can be
if not treated.