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Altmetrics journal club
1. Thelwall, Mike, et al. "Do
altmetrics work? Twitter and ten
other social web services." PloS
one 8.5 (2013): e64841.
Anne Madden
Journal Club 27th
April 2015
2. • What are altmetrics?
• How are they calculated?
• Paper: Rationale and methodology
• Results?
• Discussion: do altmetrics “work”?
4. “No one can read
everything. We rely
on filters to make
sense of the
scholarly literature,
but the narrow,
traditional filters
are being
swamped.”
From the altmetrics
manifesto. (Priem
2010)
6. Rationale for this study
“To what extent do the altmetric
indicators associate with citation
counts?”
Building some form of evidence base
to underpin altmetrics?
7.
8. Methodology
• PubMed articles with a non-zero altmetric
score
• Sign test: “..each article is compared only
against the two articles published immediately
before and after it….”
• Self-citations removed – why?
• Altmetric scores gathered between July 2011 –
1st
Jan 2013
9. Definition of success
“..if the altmetric score is higher than the average
altmetric score of the two adjacent articles and
its citation score is higher than the average of the
two adjacent articles OR the altmetric score is
lower than the average altmetric score of the two
adjacent articles and its citation score is lower
than the average of the two adjacent articles.”
10. Results
1. Total no. of successes v no. of failures: overall success
2. No. of journals where success exceeds failure: success
3. Individual altmetric level: mixed results. Four
altmetrics “significantly and positively correlate with
citations..the correlation for Twitter is significant and
negative”.
• “..results provide strong evidence that six of the
eleven altmetrics.. associate with citation counts.
..correlation effect size is unknown”
11. Experiment. Starting from non-zero
citations: a very rough comparison
• PubMed papers, with citations
• Timeframe: mid to end 2013
• Search: “Influenza” [Title]
• 20 papers selected at random
• 14 had non-zero citations
12.
13.
14. Lowest altmetric score was for non-English paper (Chinese)
Cut-off point where association between altmetric score and
citation count lose significance.
15. Boon 2014, IATUL Proceedings: Altmetrics is an Indication of Quality Research or Just HOT Topics
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2034&context=iatul
16. Discussion
• Anonymity in most altmetric tools
• Multiple accounts: the “Scholarly
Selfie”
• “Gaming” – could affect both
altmetric and citation scores
• Relative labour-intensity and
engagement with paper
20. Groups doing it for themselves
“Early experience with JACR tweet chats
demonstrates that organizing Twitter microblogging
activities around topics of general interest to their
target readership bears the potential for medical
journals to increase their audiences and reach.”
Hawkins, C. Matthew, et al. "The Impact of Social
Media on Readership of a Peer-Reviewed Medical
Journal." Journal of the American College of
Radiology 11.11 (2014): 1038-1043.
21. Topical, timely, authoritative, clear message,
relevance to a broad audience
Appeals to a broader audience;
the ready-made headline…
4 Wikipedia pages (aubergine bit)
22. Do altmetrics work?
“Not everything that counts
can be counted, and not
everything that can be
counted counts”
25. “Although association preferences
documented in our study theoretically
could be a consequence of either mating
or shoaling preferences in the different
female groups investigated (should we
cite the crappy Gabor paper
here?), shoaling preferences are
unlikely drivers of the documented
patterns ……”
28. Hopewell, Sally, et al. "Publication bias in clinical trials due
to statistical significance or direction of trial results." The
Cochrane Library (2009).
“Trials with positive findings are more likely to be
published and published quicker than trials with
negative findings.”
Failure to publish: “scientific misconduct” valid
expectation on the part of trial participants that
their participation will contribute to knowledge.
29. …which scholarly products
are read, discussed, saved and
recommended as well as cited.
“..provide an insight
into things we have
not measured
before….” Tattersall
2015
“…analyzing the impact
of outputs in different
formats.. as opposed to
the analysis of only
journal papers.” (Costas
2014)
“…impact of scholarly material,
with an emphasis on social media
outlets…” (Priem 2014)
…more timely data, showing
evidence of impact in days
instead of years
..the impact of web-
native scholarly
products
…impacts on diverse
audiences including
scholars but also
practitioners,
clinicians,
educators and the
general public.
(Piwowar 2013)
30. Scholarly journals or
scholarly communication?
“For all new grant applications from 14 January, the
US National Science Foundation (NSF) asks a
principal investigator to list his or her research
“products” rather than “publications” in the
biographical sketch section. This means that
according to the NSF, a scientist’s worth is not
dependent solely on publications.”
Piwowar, Heather. "Altmetrics: Value all research
products." Nature 493.7431 (2013): 159-159.
31. Djuricich, Alexander M., and Janine E. Zee-Cheng. "Live tweeting in
medicine:'Tweeting the meeting'." International Review of Psychiatry 0
(2015): 1-7.
32. Cochran, Amalia, et al. "Use of Twitter to document the
2013 Academic Surgical Congress." Journal of Surgical
Research 190.1 (2014): 36-40.
33. Aslam, Anoshé A., et al. "The Reliability of Tweets as a Supplementary Method of
Seasonal Influenza Surveillance." Journal of medical Internet research 16.11 (2014).
“….this study demonstrated increased accuracy
in using Twitter as a supplementary
surveillance tool for influenza as better
filtering and classification methods yielded
higher correlations for the 2013-2014 influenza
season than those found for tweets in the
previous influenza season, where emergency
department ILI rates were better correlated to
tweets than sentinel-provided ILI rates.”
34. • H-index outdated? Register for your ORCID
Identifier (http://orcid.org). For more info see:
http://libguides.ucd.ie/orcid
• Create an author profile on Google Scholar
Citations (http://scholar.google.com/citations)
• Create an impactstory account for your biog.
(http://impactstory.org/)
From: Rathemacher, Andrée J. "Article-Level Metrics and
Altmetrics: New Ways to Measure the Impact of Your
Research." (2014).
• When publishing ask for permission to store a
copy in the Institutional Repository
(http://www.lenus.ie)
35. “Do altmetrics work?” Has
Thelwall proven his case?
• Altmetrics were never intended to replace
/ anticipate / mimic citation counts.
• Altmetrics have a far wider scope, with
more focus on unpublished born-digital
material and other audiences. Therefore,
to prove they “work”, more multi-faceted
research required.
Notes de l'éditeur
Rough order of play.
It’s very recent
Use as a means of selecting from the masses of studies out there.
Number of mentions
Importance of sources
Authoritativeness of authors
Also:
Degree of effort
Engagement/understanding of paper
Do altmetrics and citations measure the same phenomenon?
Are altmetric scores an early indication of citation counts?
Are altmetrics “valid proxies of either impact or utility”?
Having mentioned that these are the questions that need answering, author then settled on establishing:…
If you can prove that the red box relates to the green box, you can then make reasonable predictions with regard to later citation scores.
only articles of approximately the same age, which are similarly exposed to the same citation delay and usage uptake biases, are compared to each other.
Authors unlikely to have first heard of their own paper on social media – looking for causal relationship
What would constitute “success”?
With a sufficiently large cohort this could work.
Google+ and Reddit were exceptions. Q&A, Pinners and LinkedIn not included as they didn’t have sufficiently high samples
Again exclusions as a very wide range of journals was included, some with too low a sample to identify statistical differences
Non-zero in at least one altmetric, not in all of them. Uptake of Twitter growing exponentially, tweeting right up to end Dec 2012.
Took out a 30-day free trial with altmetric measuring tool which only went back 2 years.
Most cited also had highest altmetric score.
13 out of 14 with non-zero citations also had non-zero altmetrics
Possibly a cut-off point at which the both altmetric scores and citation counts lose significance.
Or a change in the weighting is needed.
Web of Science
Predictive element
It’s this easy to get an altmetric score. No need to even have read the paper.
Kudos provides a platform for researchers to explain and share their work for wider audiences, and to measure the effect of these actions on a range of metrics including full text usage, altmetrics, and citations.
basic service is free for researchers to use; publishers and institutions pay a fee for access to support tools, information on article and author performance within Kudoshttp://www.jisc-collections.ac.uk/UKSG/344/Kudos/?n=121b8a3f-e721-4bc0-8354-7ad4d47f99de
The relevance of colours in altmetrics
Other tips, mainly relating to Twitter, suggest best times to tweet and using humour or shock effects
At the outset, we saw that “altmetrics as filter” was a key benefit.
Am not using the example given in the paper.
Unfortunately, popularity due to failure of peer-review, proof-reading and editing systems.
Absolutely nothing to do with the intrinsic value of the paper.
Neither are citations an indication of quality..
Est.
Publication bias
Publishers chasing the papers that will boost JIFs, citation scores etc.
“scientific misconduct” valid expectation on the part of trial participants that their participation will contribute to knowledge.
“born digital” material
An ideal tweet would include 3 features (Desai):
Informative content
Internal citations
Positive sentiment score
Make it easy and avoid being misquoted
Include a 140 character or less slide in your presentation that sums up your key point.
What else can it do?
Nothing to do with papers on influenza being tweeted – just individuals talking about their own dose and that of their family, friends and neighbours.