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- 1. C H A P T E R 1 OVERVIEW TO UNDERSTANDING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 2. DO YOU THINK ANY OF THESE BEHAVIORS ARE ABNORMAL? • Finding a “lucky” seat in an exam • Unable to eat, sleep, or study for days after ending a relationship • Breaking into a cold sweat at the thought of being trapped in an elevator • Refusing to eat solid food for days to stay thin • Thorough hand-washing after riding a bus • Believing government agents monitor your phone calls • Drinking a six-pack of beer a day in order to be “sociable” © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 3. CRITERIA FOR A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER • Clinical significance • Distress • Behavior cannot be a socially expectable response • Psychological or biological disturbance • Behavior cannot be defined in terms of social rebellion or deviance © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 4. WHAT CAUSES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR? © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 5. TABLE 1.1- CAUSES OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 6. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE • Biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors is seen as influencing the development of the individual © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 7. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY THROUGHOUT HISTORY © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 8. SPIRITUAL APPROACH • Regard psychological disorders as the product of possession by evil or demonic spirits • Trephining • Exorcism • Treatments recommended by church © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 9. HUMANITARIAN APPROACH • Regard psychological disorders as the result of cruelty, stress, or poor living conditions • Moral treatment • Mental hygiene movement • Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Center Construction Act © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 10. HUMANITARIAN APPROACH • Deinstitutionalization movement • Advocacy groups • Antistigma programs © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 11. SCIENTIFIC APPROACH • Hippocrates (ca. 460–377 b.c.) • Claudius Galen (a.d. 130–200) • Benjamin Rush (1745–1813) © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 12. SCIENTIFIC APPROACH • Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) • Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936) • B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) • Positive psychology © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 13. RESEARCH METHODS IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 14. SCIENTIFIC METHOD • Objectivity • Ideal approach © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 15. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN • Independent variable • Dependent variable • Quasi-experimental • Placebo condition • Double-blind © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 16. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN • Correlation statistic • Positive correlations • Negative correlations
- 17. TYPES OF RESEARCH STUDIES © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 18. TABLE 1.3 - RESEARCH METHODS IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
- 19. • For more information on material covered in this chapter, visit our Web site: • http://www.mhhe.com/whitbourne7e
Notes de l'éditeur
- Incorporate biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
- Stigma: Label that causes certain people to be regarded as: Different, defective, and set apart from mainstream members of society.
- Prominent themes in explaining psychological disorders - Spiritual, scientific, and humanitarian.
- Trephining - Skulls of the living had holes cut out of them. Exorcism - Drive away evil spirits through a physically and mentally painful form of torture carried out by a shaman, priest, or medicine man. Treatments recommended by church such as deportation, torture, and burning at the stake.
- Moral treatment - Notion that people could develop self-control over their behaviors if they had a quiet and restful environment. Mental hygiene movement - Humanitarian goals that Dix advocated had a lasting influence on the mental health system. Her work was carried forward into the twentieth century by advocates. Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Center Construction Act initiated a series of changes that would affect mental health services for decades to come.
- Deinstitutionalization movement - Promoted the release of psychiatric patients into community treatment sites. Advocacy groups worked tirelessly to change the way public views mentally ill people and how society deals with them. National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Mental Health Association Center to Address Discrimination and Stigma Eliminate the Barriers Initiative Antistigma programs - Part of efforts to improve the delivery of mental health services.
- Hippocrates - Founder of modern medicine. Believed that there were four important bodily fluids that influenced physical and mental health, leading to four personality dispositions. Claudius Galen developed a system of medical knowledge based on anatomical studies. Benjamin Rush - Founder of American psychiatry. Rekindled interest in the scientific approach to psychological disorders. Occupational therapy Treatment - Bloodletting and purging, tranquilizer, fright inducement.
- Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis. Theory and system of practice that relied on the concepts of the unconscious mind, inhibited sexual impulses, and early development. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning that became the basis for the behaviorist movement. B. F. Skinner formulated a systematic approach to operant conditioning. Specifying the types and nature of reinforcement as a way to modify behavior. Positive psychology: Emphasizes the potential for growth and change throughout life.
- Scientific method - Objectivity Testing ideas about the nature of psychological phenomena without bias before accepting these ideas as adequate explanations. Ideal approach involves a set of steps in which the psychologist: Proposes a hypothesis. Conducts a study. Collects and analyzes the data.
- Independent variable: Level is adjusted or controlled by the experimenter. Dependent variable: Value is the outcome of the experimenter’s manipulation of the independent variable. Quasi-experimental - Studies that investigate differences among groups not determined by random assignment. Placebo condition: Participants receive a treatment similar to the experimental treatment. Lacking the key feature of the treatment of interest. Double-blind: Neither the person giving the treatment nor the person receiving the treatment knows: Whether the participant is in the experimental or control group.
- Involve tests of relationships between variables that researchers cannot experimentally manipulate. Correlation statistic in terms of a number between -1 and +1. Positive numbers represent positive correlations. Scores on one variable increase, scores on the second variable increase. Negative correlations - Scores on one variable increase, scores on the second variable decrease.
- Survey Incidence: Frequency of new cases within a given time period. Prevalence: Number of people who have ever had a disorder at a given time or over a specified period. Case study Qualitative research: Provides research with methods of analyzing complex relationships that do not easily lend themselves to conventional statistical methods. Behavioral genetics Concordance rate: Agreement ratios between people diagnosed as having a particular disorder and their relatives. Gene mapping: Attempt by biological researchers to identify the structure of a gene and the characteristics it controls. Molecular genetics: Study of how genes translate hereditary information.