1. Work done by:
Filipa Ribeiro nº 9
Luís Matos nº 16
Rui Oliveira nº 20
Sara Aller nº 22
Raquel Leite nº 26

2. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a
country located in southwestern Europe, on the
Iberean Peninsula. It is bordered by the Atlantic
Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the
north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the
Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.

3. Portugal was first
populated by Gaelics,
Lusitanian, Celtic and mainly
invaded by Phoenicians and
Carthaginians. The Romans
incorporated it in their empire
and after this, Portugal was
invaded by the Swabians and
Visigoths. It was later
conquered by the Moors. In
the following years, D. Afonso
Henriques rises to power and
managed to drive out the
Moors. He was able to give
Portugal its independence,
too.

4. the 5 October 1910 revolution instated
Republicanism. During the decades of 1940-
60, Portugal was co-founding member of
NATO, OECD and EFTA, leaving the latter
in 1986 to join the European Union. In 1999,
Portugal joined the Euro Zone, and later, it
gave Macau the sovereignty on the People's
Republic of China. Portugal is a democratic
republic whose current president is Aníbal
Cavaco Silva and whose Prime Minister is
José Sócrates.

5. Portugal is divided into eight administrative
regions, namely: Alentejo, Algarve, Beira Interior,
Beira Litoral, Entre Douro e Minho; Estremadura
and Ribatejo, Lisboa and Setúbal; Tras-os-Montes
and Alto Douro. Lisbon is the capital where most of
the population live.

6. Portuguese architecture
dates back to prehistoric times
during the invasions of the
Romans and the Moors. They
all left their mark, leaving a
rich legacy of archaeological
ruins such as the Temple of
Diana in Évora and the typical
Moorish architecture of
southern cities, such as Olhão
and Tavira.

7. In Portuguese literature and poetry is
important to remember two of the greatest
Portuguese poets of all time: Luís de Camões
(Lusíadas) and Fernando Pessoa (Mensagem). In
prose, Padre Antonio Vieira (Sermão de Santo
António aos peixes), Almeida Garrett (Frei Luís de
Sousa), Eça de Queirós (Maias), Camilo Castelo
Branco (Amor de Perdição), Miguel Torga (O quinto
Dia da criação do Mundo), and José Saramago
(Memorial do Convento) are prominent names.
Gil Vicente was the founder of Portuguese and
Spanish dramatic traditions

8. The traditional Portuguese
enconpasses a wide varety of
genres. There are many folk
dances such as ‘’ danças do
vira’’ from Minho region, ‘’
Pauliteiros de Miranda’’, from
Mirandese set in Algarve or
‘’Corridinho Bailinho’’ from
Madeira. Typical instruments
are the small guitar, the
harmonica in a pipe, accordion,
violin, drums, Portuguese
guitar (typical instrument of
fado). The most popular style of
music is Portuguese Fado,
whose most famous interpreter
was Amália Rodrigues.

9. The cuisine is very rich in variety. Each area of the
country has its traditional dishes. Among the highlights
cheese there are those from Serra da Estrela, Azeitão and São
Jorge. Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod for which there
are hundreds of recipes: ‘’Bacalhau á Brás’’, ‘’à Gomes de Sá
or ‘’pastéis’’. There are other typical food such as
‘’Espetadas da Madeira’’, ‘’cozido vulcânico dos Açores’’
(São Miguel), ‘’leitão assado à moda da Bairrada’’ ‘’ rojões de
Aveiro and Minho’’, ‘’chanfana da Beira’’,’’ carne de porco à
alentejana’’,’’ peixes grelhados’’ , ‘’as tripas’’ (from Porto),
‘’as pataniscas’’ (from Lisbon) or ‘’ gaspacho’’ (from Alentejo
and Algarve).

10. Football is the most widely practiced sport in
Portugal. The country as also achieved notable
performances in sports like sailing, horse riding,
judo, cycling, fencing, hockey skates, athletics and
shooting.

11. In terms of religion the majority of
the Portuguese population (84.6% of the
total population - according to official
results of census 2001) consider
themselves as Roman Catholic.
Furthermore there are also Jews,
Hindus, Buddhists, Gnostics and
Spiritualists.

12. There are many ethnic minorities in Portugal such as Ucranian,
Gypsies, Chines, Brasilians and Romanian. Often these ethnic minorities
suffer exclusions from society that lead to their isolation and even
discrimination against a particular group. They try to integrate
themselves and be accepted from the society around them. Poverty is one
of the reason that leads to a situation of social exclusion. Other reasons of
social exclusion for these ethnic minorities are unemployment or
precarious employment.

13. There are several types of exclusion:
* The exclusion of an economic nature;
* Social;
* Cultural;
* Pathology;
* Self-destructive Behaviors

14. Due to immigration,
Europe has become a
multicultural continent.
On the one hand,
multiculturalism is a
positive development as it
enriches both cultures,
but, on the other side this
could lead to the
exclusion of ethnic
minorities.

15. One of the cornerstones of human rights is the
principle that all human beings are born
free and equal in dignity and rights. Race is defined
as "a group of people of common ancestry,
distinguished from others by physical
characteristics such as hair type, eye color and skin,
stature, etc" (Collins English
Dictionary). Ethnicity is defined as "relating to or
characteristic of a human group that has certain
common racial, religious, linguistic traits. " (Collins
English Dictionary).

16. During this work we face with a real
problem that is the existence of many ethnic
minorities in our country. We consider them
as a positive factor because, by observing
them, we are able to have contact with
different people, cultures and habits and to
compare them with our own.

17. ‘’ I have a dream. The dream of seeing my
children judged by their personality, not by the
color of their skin. ‘’
Martin Luther King