it is a medical students knowladge

1. Acute KidneyFailure
● Causes
● Risk factors
● Symptoms
● Diagnosis
● Treatment
● Complications
● Prevention
● Outlook
What is acute kidney failure?
Acute kidney failure happens when your kidneys suddenly lose the ability to eliminate
excess salts, fluids, and waste materials from the blood. This elimination is the core of
your kidneys’ main function. Body fluids can rise to dangerous levels when kidneys lose
their filtering ability. The condition will also cause electrolytes and waste material to
accumulate in your body, which can also be life-threatening.
Acute kidney failure is also called acute kidney injury or acute renal failure. It’s common
in people who are already in the hospital. It may develop rapidly over a few hours. It can
also develop over a few days to weeks. People who are critically ill and need intensive
care have the highest risk of developing acute kidney failure.
Acute kidney failure can be life-threatening and requires intensive treatment. However, it
may be reversible. If you’re in good health otherwise, recovery is possible.
What are the causes of acute kidney failure?
Acute kidney failure can occur for many reasons. Among the most common reasons are:
acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
severe or sudden dehydration
toxic kidney injury from poisons or certain medications
autoimmune kidney diseases, such as acute nephritic syndrome and interstitial nephritis
urinary tract obstruction
Reduced blood flow can damage your kidneys. The following conditions can lead to
decreased blood flow to your kidneys:
● low blood pressure
● burns

2. ● dehydration
● hemorrhage
● injury
● septic shock
● serious illness
● surgery
Certain disorders can cause clotting within your kidney’s blood vessels, and this can
lead to acute kidney failure. These conditions include:
● Hemolytic uremic syndrome
● Idiopathic thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura (ITTP)
● Malignant hypertension
● Transfusion reaction
● Scleroderma
● Some infections, such as septicemia and acute pyelonephritis, can directly injure your
kidneys.
Pregnancy can also cause complications that harm the kidneys, including placenta
previa and placenta abruption.
What are the risk factors for acute kidney failure?
The chances of acquiring acute kidney failure are greater if you’re an older person or if
you have any of the following long-term health problems:
● kidney disease
● liver disease
● diabetes, especially if it’s not well controlled
● high blood pressure
● heart failure
● morbid obesity
If you’re ill or being treated in a hospital’s intensive care unit, you’re at an extremely high
risk for acute kidney failure. Being the recipient of heart surgery, abdominal surgery, or a
bone marrow transplant can also increase your risk.
What are the symptoms of acute kidney failure?
The symptoms of acute kidney failure include:
● Bloody stools
● breath odor
● slow, sluggish movements
● generalized swelling or fluid retention
● fatigue
● pain between ribs and hips

3. ● hand tremor
● bruising easily
● changes in mental status or mood,
● especially in older adults
● decreased appetite
● decreased sensation, especially in your hands or feet
● prolonged bleeding
● seizures
● nausea
● vomiting
● high blood pressure
● a metallic taste in your mouth
How is acute kidney failure diagnosed?
If you have acute kidney failure, you may have generalized swelling. The swelling is due
to fluid retention.
Using a stethoscope, your doctor may hear crackling in the lungs. These sounds can
signal fluid retention.
Results of laboratory tests may also show abnormal values, which are new and different
from baseline levels. Some of these tests include:
● blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
● serum potassium
● serum sodium
● estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
● urinalysis
● creatinine clearance
● serum creatinine
● An ultrasound is the preferred method for diagnosing acute kidney failure. However,
abdominal X-ray, abdominal CT scan, and abdominal MRI can help your doctor
determine if there’s a blockage in your urinary tract.
Certain blood tests may also reveal underlying causes of acute kidney failure.
What is the treatment for acute kidney failure?
Your treatment will depend on the cause of your acute kidney failure. The goal is to
restore normal kidney function. Preventing fluids and wastes from building up in your
body while your kidneys recover is important. In the majority of cases, a kidney specialist
called a “nephrologist” makes an evaluation.
Diet

4. Your doctor will restrict your diet and the amount of liquids you eat and drink. This will
reduce the buildup of toxins that the kidneys would normally eliminate. A diet high in
carbohydrates and low in protein, salt, and potassium is usually recommended.
Medications
Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to treat or prevent any infections that occur at the
same time. Diuretics may help your kidneys eliminate fluid. Calcium and insulin can help
you avoid dangerous increases in your blood potassium levels.
Dialysis
You may need dialysis, but it’s not always necessary, and it will likely only be temporary.
Dialysis involves diverting blood out of your body into a machine that filters out waste.
The clean blood then returns to your body. If your potassium levels are dangerously
high, dialysis can save your life.
Dialysis is necessary if there are changes in your mental status or if you stop urinating.
You may also need dialysis if you develop pericarditis or inflammation of the heart.
Dialysis can help eliminate nitrogen waste products from your body.
What are the complications of acute kidney failure?
Some of the complications of acute kidney failure include:
● chronic kidney failure
● heart damage
● nervous system damage
● end-stage renal failure
● high blood pressure
How can I prevent acute kidneyfailure?
Preventing and treating illnesses that can lead to acute kidney failure is the best method
for avoiding the disease. According to the Mayo Clinic, having a healthy lifestyle that
includes regular physical activity and a sensible diet can help to prevent kidney failure.
Work with your doctor to manage existing medical conditions that could lead to acute
kidney failure.
What is the long-term outlook?
Acute kidney failure can be a life-threatening illness. Chronic renal failure or end-stage
renal disease can develop. There’s a greater risk of death if kidney failure is caused by
severe infection, trauma, or surgery.
The following can also increase the risk of death:
● lung disease
● recent stroke

5. ● advanced age
● blood loss
● progressive kidney failure
With proper treatment and diligence, your chances of recovery are good. Seek
immediate and regular medical care for acute kidney failure, and ask your doctor
questions about what you can do to heal faster.
Writen By:
Anup singh
Dialysis Therapist
9651633399
Singhanupbhudt@gmail.com