The document provides information on different types of chordates, including their defining characteristics and examples. It discusses the distinguishing features and groups of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Examples are given for different orders within each group to illustrate their diversity.

1. Animal Kingdom
Vertebrates
Ar pit kamal
Class –ix
Roll no.23

2. What is a Chordate?
 All chor dat es have 4 basic f eat ur es t hat ar e
pr esent at some point dur ing t heir lif e cycle
 Hollow Ner ve Cor d – Ner ve cor d in which ner ves br anch
out at r egular int er vals
 Not ochor d – Long suppor t ing r od t hat r uns t hr oughout
body
 Phar yngeal Pouches – Pair ed st r uct ur es in t hr oat
 Muscular Tail – Ext ends beyond anus
 Only 4-5% of animals ar e chor dat es
 Examples = Fish, Amphibians, Rept iles, Bir ds

3. Chordate Cladogram
Section 30-1
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fishes
Nonvertebrate
chordates
Invertebrate ancestor

4. The Generalized Structure of a Chordate
Section 30-1
Notochord
Muscle segments Hollow
nerve cord
Anus
Tail Mouth
Pharyngeal pouches

5. Fish Basic Facts
 Fish live in near ly ever y single aquat ic habit at imaginable
 Fish ar e aquat ic ver t ebr at es char act er ized by f ins, scales,
and gills
 Fish wer e t he f ir st ver t ebr at es t o evolve.
 Fish br ing in Oxygen r ich wat er t hr ough gills and r emove
oxygen poor wat er t hr ough gill slit s
 Closed cir culat or y syst em
 Four chamber ed hear t
 Swim bladder cont r ols buoyancy
 Most ar e egg laying
 Most move by cont r act ing opposit e muscles (S Shaped)

6. Groups of Fish
 J awless Fish –
 Have mout hs of sof t t issue wit h no t r ue t eet h.
 Have no bones
 Only ver t ebr at es wit h no ver t ebr al column as adult s
 Lampr eys, Hagf ish
 Chondr icht hyes –
 Skelet on built ent ir ely of car t ilage
 Shar ks, sea r ays
 Ost eicht hyes –
 Bony Fish
 Maj or it y of f ish f all in t his or der
 Car p, sea hor se, per ch, et c.

7. Lampr ey – J awless Fish Sea Ray - Chondr icht hyes
Cat f ish - Ost eicht hyes Whale Shar k - Chondr icht hyes

8. Amphibians Basic Facts
 Amphibian = “double lif e”
 Live in bot h wat er and land
 Most lar vae ar e f ishlike; adult s ar e t er r est r ial car nivor es
 Lar vae r espir e t hr ough skin/ gills; Adult s use lungs
 Descendant s of ancest r al or ganisms t hat evolved some, not
all, adapt at ions f or lif e on land
 Fir st appear ed 360 million year s ago
 Ext er nal f er t ilizat ion
 Closed cir culat or y syst em; t hr ee chamber ed hear t

9. The Life Cycle of a Frog
Section 30-3
Adult Adults are typically ready to
Frog breed in about one to two years.
Young Frog eggs are laid in water and The eggs
Frog undergo external fertilization. hatch into
tadpoles a
Fertilized Eggs few days to
several
weeks later.
Tadpoles
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and
become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

10. Section 30-3
Amphibians
means
“Double life”
as
larvæ they live in adults they live on
Water Land
and have special adaptations such as
Bones Lungs are Ribs
that allow for that allow that provide
Efficient Breathing
are Support and
movement air protection

11. Groups of Amphibians
 Salamander s –
 Long bodies and t ails
 Adult s ar e car nivor ous
 Usually live in moist woods
 Fr ogs and Toads –
 Lack t ails
 Fr ogs have long legs and ar e usually t ied t o wat er
 Toads have shor t er legs and not as closely t ied t o wat er
 Caecilians –
 Legless animals t hat bur r ow in moist soil
 Have f ishlike scales

12. Spot t ed Salamander
Poison Dar t Fr og
Fir e Bellied Toad Caecilian

13. Reptiles Basic Facts
 All r ept iles have:
 Dr y, scaly skin – helps pr event loss of body wat er in dr y
envir onment s
 Ter est r ial eggs – f ir st animals t o develop amniot ic eggs
t hat didn’t need t o be deposit ed in wat er
 Respir e using lungs
 I nt er nal Fer t ilizat ion; Most ar e egg-laying
 Ect ot her ms – cannot int er nally r egulat e body t emper at ur e;
cannot live in cold climat es
 Behavior cont r ols body t emp. (swimming, bur r owing, basking,
et c.)
 Closed cir culat or y syst em; double loop;
 Hear t = t wo at r ia/ one or t wo vent r icles

14. Groups of Reptiles
 Lizar ds and Snakes
 Have legs & clawed t oes (lizar ds) ext er nal ear s,
moveable eyelids
 Highly evolved specialized f or ms (venom)
 Cr ocodiles and Alligat or s
 Long, t ypically br oad snout and squat appear ance
 All ar e car nivor ous
 Pr ot ect ive of young; car r y hat chlings in t heir mout h
 Live in t r opics and subt r opics
 Alligat or s live in f r eshwat er
 Cr ocodiles live in f r esh or salt wat er

15. Groups of Reptiles (con.)
 Tur t les and Tor t oises –
 All ar e shelled
 Tur t les ar e aquat ic; t or t oises ar e t er r est r ial
 Tuat ar a –
 Pr imit ive r ept iles f ound on small, r emot e islands

16. Cor al Snake Sea Tur t le
Galapagos Tor t oise
Tuat ar a

17. Nile Cr ocodile
Nor t h Amer ican Alligat or

18. Birds Basic Facts
 Near ly 10,000 moder n bir d species
 Bir ds ar e closely r elat ed t o r ept iles (scales on legs)
 Have out er cover ing made of f eat her s, t wo legs used f or
walking or per ching, and f or elimbs modif ied int o wings
 Feat her s separ at e bir ds f r om all ot her animal species
 Feat her s pr ovide insulat ion f or war mt h; can gener at e on
body heat
 Beak/ Bills adapt ed t o t ype of f ood t hey eat
 Highly ef f icient r espir at or y syst em; lungs only exposed t o
Oxygen r ich air
 I nt er nal f er t ilizat ion; amniot ic eggs; many mat e f or lif e

19. Section 31-2
Birds
have the following
adaptations to flight
Efficient Efficient
Strong chest
Wings Feathers respiratory circulatory
muscles
system system
which are that also that power that provide that ensure
Homologous to Upward and One-way flow O2 distribution
Provide
front limbs in other downward wing of O2-rich air
warmth to body tissues
vertebrates strokes

20. Groups of Birds
 Mor e t han t hir t y or der s of bir ds
 Some of t he most common
 Per ching Bir ds – lar gest or der ; many ar e songbir ds
(spar r ows, cr ows, car dinals, et c.)
 Bir ds of Pr ey – f ier ce pr edat or s wit h hooked bills; lar ge
t alons (condor s, hawks, owls, eagles, et c.)
 Her ons & Relat ives – Wade in aquat ic habit at s (st or ks,
her ons, cr anes)
 Ost r iches & Relat ives – f light less bir ds move by r unning
or swimming (ost r iches, emus, et c.)

21. Pur ple Finch
St or k
Red-Tailed Hawk
Emu

22. Mammals Basic Facts
 Fir st t r ue mammals appear ed 220 million year s ago
 Mammals f lour ished af t er dinosaur s became ext inct – 65
million year s ago
 Basic char act er ist ics
 Hair
 Mammar y glands – pr oduce milk t o nour ish young
 Br eat he air
 Four chamber ed hear t
 Endot her ms – can gener at e own body heat
 I nt er nal f er t ilizat ion; car e f or young

23. Section 32-2
Orders of Placental Mammals
Characteristics Examples
Order
Insectivores Long, narrow snouts, sharp Shrews, hedgehogs, moles
claws
Sirenians Water-dwelling, slow-moving Manatees, dugongs
Cetaceans Live and breed in ocean, come Whales, dolphins
to surface to breathe
Chiropterans Winged, capable of true flight Bats
Rodents Single pair of long, curved incisor Mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers,
teeth in upper and lower jaws porcupines, chinchillas

24. Section 32-2
Orders of Placental Mammals
Order Characteristics Examples
Perissodactyls Hoofed, with an odd number of Horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses,
toes on each foot zebras
Carnivores Sharp teeth and claws Tigers, hyenas, dogs, foxes, bears,
raccoons, walruses
Artiodactyls Hoofed, with an even number of Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, ibex,
toes on each foot giraffes, hippopotami, camels
Proboscideans Trunks Asian and African elephants,
mastodons and mammoths

25. Section 32-2
Orders of Placental Mammals
Order Characteristics Examples
Lagomorphs Two pairs of incisors in upper Snowshoe hares, rabbits
jaw, hind legs allow leaping
Xenarthrans No teeth (or very small teeth in Sloths, anteaters, armadillos
the back of the jaw)
Primates Highly developed cerebrum and Lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons,
complex behaviors macaques, humans