it covers various types of bioenergy and also contains various energy yielding technologies. it shows the bioenergy scenerio in India.it also shows various activities and programmes related with bioenergy
3. Bioenergy
Energy which is stored in biological matter or biomass.
This can be anything from plants to straw to slurry to
food waste and even sewage.
When these materials are used for their energy
content, they are referred to as feedstocks.
Sometimes feedstocks are grown specifically for their
bioenergy content (energy crops)
while others are waste products
from industries such as agriculture, food processing or
timber production.
The the feedstock is processed to get bioenergy
4. Main processes for bioenergy
Basically three principle processes to treat biomass
to produce bioenergies
Thermochemical conversion processes
Biochemical conversion processes
Mechanical –chemical conversion processes
5. Thermo chemical conversion
processes
Three conversion processes
Combustion
widely used processes
Solid biomass is combusted to produce steam – fed
into turbo generator to produce electricity
Gasification
Partial oxidation of carbon rich biomass feed stock
in to a combustible gas (producer gas)
6. Temperature 800-9000c
Restricted supply of air or oxygen
Pyrolysis
Thermo chemical process
Converts biomass into liquid, solid charcol, non
condensable gas , acetic acid, acetone, methanol
Temperature – 400-8000c
Complete absence of oxygen
Pyrolysis bio oil has a heating value of 17MJ/kg about
60% of the value of diesel
7. Biochemical conversion process
Two main processes
Anaerobic digestion-
Numerous sps of bacteria participate in the
decomposition of organic matter
In the absence of oxygen
Produces biogas (50-75% methane & 45-25% CO2 )
8. Fermentation (Hydrolysis)
Large scale process
Produce ethanol from sugar or starch crop as well
as ligno cellulosic biomass
Biomass (cellulose or hemi cellulose) converted to
sugars by enzymes.
Next sugar is converted to ethanol by yeast
9. Mechanical or chemical conversion
process
Oil seed crops, which contain high fraction of oil
can be physically crushed and oil extracted .
10.
11. Types of bioenergy / biofuel
Derives from biological carbon fixation
Includes
Solid biofuels
Liquid biofuels- ethanol and biodiesel
Gaseous biofuels-biogas and bio syngas
Other bioalcohols- ethanol & Butanol
Vegetable oil
Some other minor fuels- algae fuel ,biohydrogen
etc
12. Solid biofuels
Includes wood, sawdust , grass trimmings,
charcoal, agricultural waste ,domestic waste, no
food energy crops and dried manure
When raw biomass is already in suitable form it
can burn directly
When it is in inconvenient form typical process will
be carried out such as grinding
Often be a byproduct , residue or waste product of
other processes.
13. Effect of combustion of raw biomass – emits
considerable amount of pollutants such as
particulates and PAHs.
Pellets made from agricultural waste produces
large emission of dioxins and chlorophenol
But have less impact than fossil fuels
14. Liquid biofuels
Transportation fuels are generally liquid
Because vehicles requires high energy density
Internal combustion engine requires clean burning
fuels to keep the engine clean and minimise air
pollution.
The fuels easiest to burn are liquids & gases
Liquids and gases can be easily pumped
Handling is easy
Ethanol ,Biodiesel & vegetable oil
15. Ethanol
Produced by fermentation of sugars derived from
wheat, corn, sugar beets, sugarcane , molasses etc
enzyme digestion , Fermentation , Distillation &
Drying.
For distillation – significant energy is needed as
heat
Generally used in petrol engines as a replacement
for gasoline.
It can also mixed with gasoline
16. Ethanol has smaller energy density than gasoline
Advantage – high octane value rating
In high altitude locations some states mandate a
mix of gasoline and ethanol as a winter oxidiser to
reduce pollution
Bioethanol can also be used in fireplaces.
They not emit flue so there is no need of
chimmeney.
17. biodiesel
in some countries, it is less expensive than diesel
Produced from oils or fats
Employs transesterification process
Chemically, it consists mostly of fatty acid methyl
esters
Feed stocks include animal fats, vegetable oils, soy,
rapeseed, jatropha, palm oil etc
Pure biodiesel is the lowest emission diesel fuel
18. It can be used in any diesel engine mixed with
mineral oil
It is also safe to handle and transport
Because it is biodegradable as sugar
10 times less toxic than table salt
Has high flash point is about 3000 F compared to
petroleum diesel fuel which has a flash point of
1250 F
19. Vegetable oil
Dr. Diesel originally designed the diesel engine to
burn and operate on vegetable oil
But edible vegetable oil costs more- so it is not
generally used as a fuel
But lower quality oil can be used
Also used vegetable oil can also be used after
cleaning
21. Biogas
Methane produced by the process of anaerobic
digestion of organic materials by anaerobes.
It can be produced from biodegradable waste
materials or by energy crops.
The solid by product can also be used as a biofuel
or fertiliser
Biogas can be recovered from mechanical
biological treatment waste processing system
Farmers can produce biogas from manure from
their cows by using an anaerobic digester
22. Landfill gas is a less clean form of biogas
Which is produced from land fills by the natural
anaerobic digestion
If it escapes in the atmosphere it is a high potential
green house gas
23. Biosyngas
Is a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and
other hydrocarbon
Produced by the partial combustion of biomass
In limited amount of oxygen
Before the partial combustion biomass is dried
It is more efficient than direct combustion of
original biofuel
24. Syngas may be burned directly in internal
combustion engines, turbines or high temperature
fuel cells
Syngas can be used to produce methanol,DME,
hydrogen and can also be converted to produce a
diesel sustitute
26. Butanol
Ethanol is commonly produced by the action of
microorganism
Butanol is less commonly produced biologically
It is claimed to provide a direct replacement of
gasoline
It is formed by ABE fermentation
Butanol will produce more energy
27. Methanol
Currently produced from natural gas
It can also be produced from biomass as
biomethanol
Methanol economy is an alternative to hydrogen
economy
28. Other minor fuels(algae ,
biohydrogen)
They are produced from sustainable feed stock
Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is
an alternative to liquid fossil fuels
that uses algae as its source of energy-rich oils.
Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly
known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane
A report on recent discovery of the fungus
Gliocladium roseum can be produce medium
lenghth hydrocarbons from cellulose
29. Biological hydrogen production is one of the most
imperative and demanding areas of research and
technology development
It is a clean, efficient, and sustainable energy
option to be considered as imminent fuel.
The successful biohydrogen production needs
technology improvement, use of updated microbial
technologies to generate, and developing
innovative proficient methods of biohydrogen
production.
30. Various social , economic , environmental and
technical issues associated with biofuel production
and use
With the enhanced economic development, India
is currently experiencing a surge in energy demand
Increasing import dependence may not be
sustainable as long run
So greater research intiatives , private investment
and promotion of bioenergy technology by
Ministry of New and Renewable energy(MNRE).
31. Under MNRE various aspects related to the
bioenergy include
Assesement of current actual biomass usage
versus projected demands
Development and promotion of bioenergy usage
Development of Village Energy Security
Programme(VESP) project- supported by govt of
India
32. Village energy security programme
Initiated by MNRE
During 10th 5 yr plan
To organize and marshal local sources of total
energy requirement of villages including lighting,
cooking and motive power with the involvement of
local community
Aims to transform the locally available biomass
energy use by inducting innovations and new
technologies
33. Cooking fuel for India
Traditional solid biofuels are still widely using
According to the latest available National sample
survey (NSS) data, the primary source of cooking in
rural area was firewood followed by LPG
84.9% of rural households and 21.5% of urban
households uses biomass based fuel
34. Development of biodiesel in India
Mainly based on the cultivation and processing of
jatropha plant
Which are very rich in oil.
Environmentaly, jatropha oil gives 30-50% low
carbon di oxide as compared to petro diesel
The govt of India has identified 98million acres of
land for jatropha cultivation
Hoping it will produce 20% of India’s diesel
consumption
35. The former president Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam strongly
recommended jatropha cultivation and production
of biodiesel
Indian railways are also started the use of this oil
National Biodeisel Mission, India- biodiesel
development and commercialisation
36. Necessity of energy management???
Energy is the main source of sustainable development.
Therefore, managing the energy sources effectively
and efficiently is a predominant requirement.
parameters such as energy cost, energy saving, energy
balance, environmental benefits, sustainability, waste
to energy, safety and health, quality, productivity,
energy supply, transmission and distribution, energy
backup and storage, infrastructure, energy
innovations, energy planning and management, energy
system monitoring, and alarm system the parameters
that effect on the necessity of energy management.
37. References
M K Ghosh Roy (2015) Renewable energy,scientific
international pvt ltd, New delhi p.p(205-266)
S Prasad and M S Dhanya(2012)Biofuels,Narendra
publishing house ,New delhi, p.p(1-63)