2. HR Ethics
⌂ No well-established mandatory
professional standards
⌂ Ethics and business knowledge as
important as HR domain expertise
⌂ Each situation requires a judgment call
3. Analyzing HR Dilemmas
⌂ Right v. Wrong
“No one will know if I do not pay taxes on
this under-the-table income, so I can save
myself quite a bit of money.”
⌂ Right v. Right
Selecting the best option
4. Examples of Right v. Right
Dilemmas
⌂ It’s right to tell the truth, but it is also right
to be kind and considerate of peoples’
feelings and emotions.
⌂ It’s right to apply rules and procedures
equally, without favoritism, but it is also
right to give special treatment to hard-
working, dependable, and productive
employees.
5. Examples of Right v. Right Dilemmas
(cont’d)
⌂ It’s right to spend more time adding more
quality to your work but it is also right to
meet deadlines and avoid “diminishing
returns” on your efforts.
⌂ It’s right to be concerned about short-term
results, but it is also right to focus on long-
term growth and stability.
6. Guidelines for Fostering an Ethical
Culture
⌂ Have a well developed policy and
procedures manual
⌂ Enforce policies
⌂ Reward compliance
⌂ Recruit ethical employees
⌂ Create a division to oversee ethics
7. Guidelines for Fostering an Ethical
Culture
⌂ Have a well developed policy and
procedures manual
⌂ Enforce policies
⌂ Reward compliance
⌂ Recruit ethical employees
⌂ Create a division to oversee ethics
8. Ethical culture in worklife
⌂ Honest communication
⌂ Fair treatment
⌂ Special consideration
⌂ Fair competition
⌂ Responsibility to organisation
⌂ Corporate social responsibility
⌂ Respect for law
9.
10. In Past
⌂ In 50’s – Employees were recruited not to question
‘WHY’ but only ‘To do’.
⌂ In 60’s – Terms like manpower, staff and personnel
came to used.
⌂ In Late 70’s – People realized that beyond a point,
productivity depended on people.
11. Evolution Of HR in India
Period Development status Emphasis Role
1920s-1930s Beginning Welfare clerical stroke disciplinary
,dismissal of workers]
1940s-1960s Struggling for Recognition Introduction to HR Administrative
techniques and IR [leave, bonus, retirement etc]
1970s-1980s Strong industrial relations Managerial
and disputes,Regulatory [housing, medical leave etc]
1990s Promising Human values, Executive
productivity through [formulating policies, T&D
people programs, MDPs etc] and
managerial role
12. Starting of hrm in india
⌂ The world’s first management book, titled ‘Arlhashastra’,
written three millennium before Christ, codified many aspects
of human resource practices in Ancient India.
⌂ John Patterson, the president of the company, formed a
personnel department to manage the griefs of workers after a
bitter union strike in 1901.
13. Continued…
⌂ The first Factories Act was adopted in 1881. The
Factory Commission was appointed in 1885. The
Factories Act, 1948 (Amended On 1987).
⌂ In 1929 – Royal commission of labour in India.
⌂ In 1931 – J.H. Whitely recommended the abolition of
‘JOBBER SYSTEM’ and the appointment of labour
officers in industrial enterprises.
14. Continued…
The scope of the function of labour officer was widened during the
second world war such facilities as housing, medical etc.
Labour officer <=> Welfare Officer
Under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1946.
Formulating policies on human resource planning, recruitment and
selection , training and development etc..
Welfare Officer <=> Personnel officer
Under section 49 of factories Act, 1948.
15. Two professional bodies were found
In 1948 - Indian Institute Of Personal Management (IIPM) at
Kolkata .
In 1950 - The National Institute Of Labour Management (NILM) at
Mumbai.
In 1980 – These two professional bodies merged together and
formed ‘National Institute Of Personnel Management’
(NIPM) headquartered at Kolkata.
In 1990 – Milestone was achieved by renaming of American
‘Society For Personnel Administration’ (ASPA) as
the ‘Society For Human Resource Management’
(SHRM).
16. LIST OF AMENDING ACTS AND
ADAPTATION ORDERS
⌂ The Indian Independence (Adaptation of Central Acts
and Ordinances) Order, 1948.
⌂ The Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.
⌂ The Part B States (Laws) Act, 1951 (3 of 1951).
⌂ The Industrial Disputes (Amendment and
Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1956 (36 of 1956).
17. ContinueD…
The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Amendment
Act, 1961 (16 of 1961) .
The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Amendment
Act, 1963 (39 of 1963).
The Central Labour Laws (Extension to Jammu and
Kashmir) Act, 1970 (51 of 1970).
The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Amendment
Act, 1982 (18 of 1982).
21. Staffing and selection
⌂ Know your employment law
⌂ Follow the ethical recruitment guidelines
⌂ Use pre-employment information services
⌂ Use reference checking forms
30. Equal opportunity laws
⌂ Age discrimination
⌂ Disability
⌂ Ethnic/National origin, colour, race,
religion, gender
⌂ Fair labour standards
31. Reward and disciplinary
systems
⌂ Performance appraisal
⌂ Appeals and grievance procedure
⌂ Discipline system
32. Ethical discipline
⌂ People not employees
⌂ Job description is clear
⌂ ”What to do ” attitude compared to ”Don’t
do this” attitude
⌂ Top managers example
33. Effective dismissal
⌂ Factors
⌂ Legal and valid reasons for dismissal
⌂ Explain the reasons
⌂ Be firm with your decision
⌂ Process
⌂ Informal action
⌂ Disciplinary meeting
⌂ First written warning
⌂ Second written warning
34. Termination interview
⌂ Be straightforward
⌂ Explain the purpose of the interview
⌂ Benefits after losing the job
⌂ Document the exit interview
⌂ Be prepared for questions
35.
36. A salary and benefit audit identifies a grading error which
advantages a high performing employee, but the manager
instructs that the error be concealed
A senior manager's serious disciplinary offence is hushed
up, while for the same misconduct, ER practitioners have
instructions to institute an immediate disciplinary enquiry in
the case of junior managers and line supervisors
A line manager dismisses an employee with a known
terminal illness, or a disability, which causes the family to lose
the death benefit, and leave with nothing, even though the
employee could have been retained until demise;
37. In a labour dispute in the High Court , the ER Manager or
legal representative deliberately does not call the HR
practitioner as a key witness, and crucial evidence is not
given and an unfair outcome happens
In the recruitment process, a Safety Manager places
pressure on an HR practitioner to disclose confidential health
status information, which is then used to justify not hiring the
person
The HR executive places insurance business with a
specific insurer or broker in order to receive a kickback or
commission for doing so
38. The employer's Employment Equity Plan as submitted to
the Department of Labour is deliberately not being followed;
An contracted-in medical practitioner decides to side with
the IR Manager in a disciplinary enquiry into an allegation of
misconduct for intoxication at work, to maintain good
relations and keep their contract with the employer
A Safety Manager ignores a medical practitioner's Health
Risk Report, or fails to respond within a reasonable time (or
to respond at all) to the key safety and health compliance
recommendations by the doctor in it
39. An HR Manager pressurises the medical practitioner to
declare an employee unsafe, to allow the employee to be
removed from their post or to dismiss or retrench them;
A line manager or senior practitioner appoints his or her
relative or business associate in contravention of the
established recruitment procedure
An employed practitioner decides not to confront the
Manager they report to, because the annual performance
review cycle is coming up;
A line manager refuses to establish posts which can be used
for return to work from benefits or sick leave, or to provide 'light
duty';
40. Human Costs
⌂ Unethical business environments can:
⌂ Demotivate individuals
⌂ Make good employees leave the company
⌂ Attract unethical employees
⌂ Lead to the lack of trust by the employees for
the company
41.
42. What Is Trade Union?
⌂ A trade union or labour union is an
organization of workers who have banded
together to achieve common goals in key
areas such as wages, hours, and working
conditions.
43. Role of trade unions
⌂ To negotiate better wages with the employers
⌂ Basic pay, Overtime payments, pensions
⌂ To negotiate the number of working hours
⌂ To ask for suitable holidays
⌂ Maternity & Paternity rights
⌂ To demand for better working conditions
⌂ Health rights, Safety rights
⌂ Unions also help with educating & training of
workers to improve skills
44. Role of trade unions
⌂ Unions sometimes participate in measures to
improve product demand.
⌂ Unions sometimes provide workers benefits like
pay during strikes, sickness & unemployment.
⌂ Some Unions are also known to run co-operative
societies to offer benefits like loans at lower
interest rates.
⌂ Unions work with the governments to introduce
legislations to benefit workers – example fixing a
national minimum wage.
45. Social responsibilities of trade unions
include:
⌂ promoting and maintaining national
integration by reducing the number of
industrial disputes
⌂ incorporating a sense of corporate social
responsibility in workers
⌂ achieving industrial peace
46. Trade Unions & Wage Claims
⌂ Trade Unions demand wage increase
on account of
⌂ Hard work & increased productivity
⌂ Increased profits
⌂ Comparing wages of similar workers –
Comparability argument
⌂ Increased cost of living
49. Strikes
⌂ A strike is a very powerful weapon used by trade
unions and other labor associations to get their
demands accepted. It generally involves quitting
of work by a group of workers for the purpose of
bringing the pressure on their employer so that
their demands get accepted. When workers
collectively cease to work in a particular
industry, they are said to be on strike.
50. Causes of strikes
Strikes can occur because of the following reasons:
⌂ Dissatisfaction with company policy
⌂ Salary and incentive problems
⌂ Increment not up to the mark
⌂ Wrongful discharge or dismissal of workmen
⌂ Withdrawal of any concession or privilege
⌂ Hours of work and rest intervals
⌂ Leaves with wages and holidays
⌂ Bonus, profit sharing, Provident fund and gratuity
⌂ Retrenchment of workmen and closure of establishment
⌂ Dispute connected with minimum wages
51. Legal Aspects Of HRM
⌂ Discrimination
⌂ When someone is denied a job or position for non job related reasons
⌂ Equal Employment Opportunity
⌂ The right to employment and advancement without regard to race,
religion, sex, color or national origin
⌂ Affirmative Action
⌂ An effort to give preference in employment to women or other minorities
⌂ Comparable Worth
⌂ Persons performing jobs of similar worth should receive comparable pay
⌂ Bona-fide Occupational Qualifications
⌂ Employment criteria justified by capacity to perform a job
58. INTRODUCTION
In India the first Factories Act was passed in 1881. This Act
was basically designed to protect children and to provide few
measures for health and safety of the workers. This law was
applicable to only those factories, which employed 100 or
more workers. In 1891 another factories Act was passed
which extended to the factories employing 50 or more
workers.
59. Definition of a Factory:-
“Factory” is defined in Section 2(m) of the Act. It means any premises
including the precincts thereof-
ii. Whereon ten or more workers are working, or were working on any day
of the preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a manufacturing
process is being carried on with the aid of power, or is ordinarily so
carried on; or
iii. Whereon twenty or more workers are working, or were working on any
day of the preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a
manufacturing process is being carried on without the aid of power, or is
ordinarily so carried on;
But does not include a mine subject to the operation of the Mines Act,1952 or
a mobile unit belonging to the Armed forces of the Union, a railway
running shed or a hotel, restaurant or eating place.
62. mployer to ensure health of workers pertaining to
Cleanliness Disposal of wastes and effluents -Sec 12
Ventilation and temperature dust and fume - Sec 13
Overcrowding Artificial humidification Lighting – Sec. 14
Drinking water Spittoons. - Sec. 18
63. afety Measures
Fencing of machinery – Sec. 21
Work on near machinery in motion. – Sec 22
Employment prohibition of young persons on dangerous
machines. – Sec 23
Self-acting machines.- Sec 25
Casing of new machinery.-for cutting off power. – Sec 24
Striking gear and devices Sec 26
Prohibition of employment of women and children near cotton-
openers.- Sec 27
64. Welfare Measures
• Washing facilities – Sec 42
• Facilities for storing and drying clothing – Sec 43
• Facilities for sitting – Sec 44
• First-aid appliances – one first aid box not less than one for
every 150 workers– Sec 45
• Canteens when there are 250 or more workers. – Sec 46
• Shelters, rest rooms and lunch rooms when there are 150
or more workers. – Sec 47
• Crèches when there are 30 or more women workers. – Sec
65. Working Hours, Spread Over & Overtime of Adults
• Weekly hours not more than 48 - Sec: 51
• Daily hours, not more than 9 hours. - Sec: 54
• Intervals for rest at least ½ hour on working for 5
hours. - Sec: 55
• Spread over not more than 10½ hours. - Sec: 56
• Overlapping shifts prohibited. - Sec: 58
• Extra wages for overtime double than normal rate of
wages - Sec:59
• Restrictions on employment of women before 6AM and
beyond 7 PM. - Sec: 60
66. Annual Leave with Wages
• A worker having worked for 240 days @ one day for every
20 days and for a child one day for working of 15 days.
• Accumulation of leave for 30 days.
Sec. 79
67. Sec.92 to 106
OFFENCE PENALTIES
• For contravention of the Provisions of the Act or • Imprisonment upto 2 years or fine upto
Rules Rs.1,00,000 or both
• On Continuation of contravention • Rs.1000 per day
• On contravention of Chapter IV pertaining to
safety or dangerous operations. Not less than Rs.25000 in case of death.
Not less than Rs.5000 in case of serious injuries.
• Subsequent contravention of some provisions • Imprisonment upto 3 years or fine not less than
Rs.10, 000 which may extend to Rs.2, 00,000.
• Obstructing Inspectors • Imprisonment upto 6 months or fine upto
Rs.10, 000 or both.
• Wrongful disclosing result pertaining to results • Imprisonment upto 6 months or fine upto
of analysis. Rs.10, 000 or both.
• For contravention of the provisions of Sec.41B,
41C and 41H pertaining to compulsory disclosure Imprisonment upto 7 years with fine upto Rs.2,
of information by occupier, specific responsibility 00,000 and on continuation fine @ Rs.5, 000 per
of occupier or right of workers to work imminent day.
danger.
68. Coping with Turbulent Times in the Indian Aviation
Industry
Jet airways layoff- what kind of
HRM?
69. THE CASE
⌂ The case is about the retrenchment drama that
unfolded in one of India’s leading aviation companies,
Jet Airways (India) Limited in Oct 2008.
⌂ More than thousand employees were laid off.
⌂ It was a part of major Cost-cutting exercise to tackle
Global slowdown and price hike of Aviation fuel.
70. The retrenchment drama
unfolds…..
⌂ Oct 16, 2008, Jet announced that it would lay off
nearly 1,100 of its staffs to streamline operation.
⌂ A day after it had already laid off around 800 of
its cabin crew members.
⌂ Simultaneously announced second phase of
lay-off of 1100 employees, mainly from
departments like flight attendant, cockpit crew
etc.
71. Retrenchment drama
unfolds……
⌂ Amidst great furor and opposition by various
organizations and political parties, Naresh
Goyal , chairman of Jet, reinstated the
employees a day later the great emotional
drama.
⌂ November 2008, Jet decided on a 20% cut in
the salaries of its pilots, engineers, and some
other staffs.
72. Some salient issues……
⌂ Employees were FIRED with no PRIOR
NOTICE
⌂ The entire force of unconfirmed staff was being
laid off on a 30-day compensation package
⌂ Company took action only against lower staffs.
73. Ethical issues……
Some most crucial questions unanswered….
Where would those 1900 employees go?
Why took action only against lower grade
staffs?
Senior management was very less affected.
What would be the future of those students
currently taking courses in cabin crew,
captain etc?
74. Ethical issues…….
Why did the Jet CEO enter the competitive
market, instead of playing down after foreseeing
risks?
Some quotes made by higher officials…..
"A total of 1,900 people are being served separation notice. 800 have already
been served notice. In the next few days the others will also be served notice. It
is an attempt to save the jobs of remaining 11,100 employees,“
Saroj Datta (Exe Director)
“It is a difficult decision but we had to take it,”
Wolfgang Schaeur (CEO)
It throws a serious question towards the accountability
of an organization to its employees……….
75. Some observations…..
The very existence of any company is
because of its employees.
Company keeps on focusing on customer
satisfaction when its own people are so
highly dissatisfied.
Employees are more than just-a-
resource.
77. Points to ponder
No company would know of a risk over night, its
built over a period and there should not be any
drastic decision which may endanger its
employees.
More accountability from top management.
The role of HR executive is important to
ascertain that people’s interests are not left
aside in the race for profits
The HR executive to ensure no discrimination in
pay cut and lay off.
Before reaching to decision, make environment
conducive to acceptance of decision.
81. Before joining any MBA Course)
What - What type of institutes you can get admission?
Why - Why you want to do MBA – for getting good job , starting your
own company as an entrepreneur or getting one more degree?
Where - Where can you afford to do MBA – Foreign Country, any
reputed institute in India or any institute with low budget ?
When - When you want to do MBA – Just after graduation, after getting
4 -5 years experience, or along with your job?
How - How will you pay back your fees and ROI for the same?
Which - Which specialization attracts you or can get job for you?
82. All reputed B Schools of North America, Europe and Oceania are very
costly – Fees & Stay costs varying from Rs 30 Lakhs to 60 Lakhs (all
inclusive)
The popular institutes like ISB (Hyderabad), IIMs etc
normally charge between Rs 7 Lakhs to Rs 20 Lakhs (New IIMs and
management institutes of IITs charge less).
FMS Delhi charges very less fees for their high quality education, but
most of other institutes approved or run by Govt. Universities charging very
low fees are other type of FMS (Factory for Management
Studies!) giving very low quality education, without proper faculty, facility
and infrastructure.
Any private institute charging less than Rs 3 or 4 Lakhs fees may not
be in position to impart high standard education.
But private B Schools charging high fees and comparing them with
IIMs, also may not be providing good quality education . These could
be other type of IIM – ‘Interested In Money!’ only.
83. Categorization of MBA colleges in India and their
fee structure
The business schools in India are categorized into three. They
are Class-A, Class-B and Class-C.
The B-Schools coming under Class-A are the most reputed
institutes in the country offering MBA courses. One of the
examples for the Class-A institutions is the Indian Institute of
Management. There are 10 IIM’s that are spread all over the
country. The admission in these institutes is given only for the
outstanding students. Thus the fee structure for the programmes
in these institutes will also be higher. To pursue the MBA
graduation from IIM, one has to pay about Rs. 12 lakhs. The
present scenario states that IIM is going to raise the fee
structure for the MBA programmes. In such situation students
have to spend around Rs.15 lakhs in order to pursue degree
from these institutes.
84. The Class-B institutes are considered as the second top option
chosen by the students who fail to land up in IIMs. This class
includes the B-Schools like XLRI, Narsee Monjee, FMS Delhi and
many more. For pursuing MBA in these institutions students have
to spend around Rs.5 to 8 lakhs. It will vary according to the
institute.
The Class-C institutions are the last choice favored by the
students for pursuing MBA. These least choice institutes charges
around Rs.2 to 6 lakhs for the two year programme.
The admission to all these institutions is made based on the score
obtained by the candidates in the concerned entrance
examinations organized by the universities. Some of the entrance
tests for MBA in India are MAT, CAT, XAT, etc.
Besides all, the reputed business institutions in abroad charges
around Rs.20 to 30 lakhs and this is considered as the standard
fees for the MBA courses offered there.
Unlike chief financial and legal officers, HR executives do not have well-established professional standards to help guide them. HR executives must be respected for their ethics and business knowledge as much as for their human resource domain knowledge if they are going to be taken seriously. HR executives must be able to make their case in terms of impact on the workforce and customers. HR professionals should have sound business and legal knowledge. HR ethics are no different from other ethical issues. They are situational. Nevertheless, there are some general approaches to analyzing HR ethical issues.
If one option in the decision is identified as being “right” and another as being “wrong,” most people should choose to do what is right. There may be the temptation to do the wrong thing. For example, paying taxes on under-the-table income. The decision to select an option that one clearly knows is wrong reflects not on one’s ability to make decisions, but on one’s lack ethical clarity and moral courage. Right v. right dilemmas involve situations where there is a clear moral backing for each option, but where the two are mutually exclusive. Normal behavioral guidelines don’t clearly or easily apply—where picking one of the rights means violating the other one. These Right v. Right situations require one to choose between two equally balanced alternatives and seemingly defies a satisfactory solution. There are no easy or obvious answers. Let’s look at an example, Bob, who is a new Human Resources Director for an agency, is preparing the agency’s annual report concerning its EEOC compliance to submit to the S.C. Human Affairs Commission. Bob has discovered that when the agency’s prior report was submitted by his predecessor, a major error was reported concerning the agency’s demographics. As a result, the agency has fewer minorities than were previously reported, but the new numbers since Bob has been HR director indicate an increase in the number of minorities employed by the agency. The agency’s Board chair, realizing that the legislature and the public will react negatively to this discrepancy, asks Bob not to identify the error in the new report. Should Bob insist on presenting a factual report or should he remain loyal to the Board chair and not include the error? This common type of dilemma pits truth against loyalty. And this dilemma also demonstrates the unfortunate reality that one person’s Right v. Wrong decision often puts someone else in a Right v. Right decision. Let’s look at the types of Right v. Right decisions that exist.
Let’s look at some examples of other Right v. Right dilemmas. Truth v. loyalty. Individual v. Community.
Short-term v. Long-term. Short-term v. Long-term.
Indian organizations spend quite a bit of money on training because it is considered an extension of academic learning, which is very valued in India. It also relates to the cultural dimension of future orientation, which makes employees seek any form of learning to have constant marketable skills. Among Indians, training creates loyalty to the company. For entry-level employees, there is often a large disconnect as to what they are taught in graduate school and what they have to do when they enter the workplace. Therefore elaborate entry-level training focuses on soft skills such as effective communications, team dynamics and also relevant product-based and technical knowledge. Training programs in India are more extensive and longer in duration. Entry-level employees are in training for between three and 12 months, depending on the size of the company. The average annual corporate training hours can range anywhere between 60 and 120 hours. The best company in providing training is Infosys, with an annual training budget of about $145 million. Entry-level Infosys employees spend about four weeks on initial training. Organizations often pair with both well-known local and international universities to provide continuing education for their employees. To learn more about training in India, instructors may want to review the following articles: Training 2008: World View, Focus on India (available at http://www.itapintl.com/focusonindia.htm ). Top 5 IT firms spend $438 million on training (available at traininghttp://www.livemint.com/2007/11/12001337/Top-5-IT-firms-spend-438-mn-o.html).
The collectivist culture of India makes performance management quite challenging. Superiors and subordinates develop close relationships, making a formal appraisal process difficult. Supervisors frequently inflate the work performance of subordinates because personal friendships between supervisors and subordinates blur objective evaluations. The Indian work culture also emphasizes organizational loyalty over performance and efficiency. Further, promotions are usually based on seniority, making organizational tenure an important performance criteria. Organizations usually have annual performance reviews with the supervisor providing comments on employees performance. However, leading Indian companies are adopting a very progressive approach to performance management by adopting a 360-degree approach or management by objectives (MBO). Instructors: Please read “Performance appraisal takes center stage” for more information about the Indian performance management system. This article is available online at http://hrinindia.multiply.com/journal/item/43/Performance_Appraisals_take_centre_stage_ .
A base salary is provided with several other allowances that are typical to Indian employers. The base salary usually accounts for 40 to 50 percent of an employee’s salary. The remaining salary is comprised of several allowances. Housing is expensive in India, and employers often reimburse a portion of the housing expenses through a House Rent Allowance, or HRA. Medical allowances come in a variety of forms. Organizations may reimburse expenditures incurred by the employee or his or her family for medical treatment; pay a fixed allowance for routine check-ups; or participate in a group medical insurance policy. The dearness allowance (known as cost-of-living in the United States.) is calculated as a percentage of the base salary. It is an allowance provided to adjust the cost of living and may vary depending on the job’s location (rural vs. urban areas). Leave travel allowance (LTA) permits two tax-free travel opportunities in India within a four-year period. LTA is provided based on an employee’s salary and level in the organization . This includes employees and their family members. For more information about these additional allowances, instructors may want to read the following online articles: http://www.pacificbridge.com/publication.asp?id=31 : Recruiting in India http://www.pacificbridge.com/publication.asp?id=30 : Recruiting in India For public holidays in India, please read: http://www.worldtravelguide.net/country/120/public_holidays/Indian-Subcontinent/India.html
There is a distinct retirement age in the private and public sectors. Public-sector employees retire at age 60. Private-sector employees have a choice of retiring anytime between ages of 55 and 60. Two specific retirement funds are available to all Indian employees: Provident Funds: This fund is similar to the 401(k) in the United States, where both employees and employers contribute. Gratuity: Employees do not contribute to this fund. It is calculated based on years of service.
Organizations are seen as an extension of the family, and they often help employees achieve both personal and material goals by providing short- and long-term loans. Some organizations provide a variety of food at a subsidized cost, encouraging a family atmosphere.
Executives or senior management are frequently offered special perks. These special perks are associated with increased social status. Employees in the Indian culture like to have visible indicators of increased status and wealth because they signify work achievement.
Affirmative action has been the subject of much controversy since its inception. Comparable worth is still a problem, especially for women.
These laws can seem intimidating but the basic principals behind them are fairness and equality.