SUBJECT NAME: Internet of Things
FACULTY NAME: Dr. Ashok Kumar K

Unit-1
IoT-An Architectural Overview
• The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to
a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be
wireless and self-configuring, such as household appliances.
(Wikipedia)
• The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of
technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to
reach out into the real world of physical objects. (IoT 2008)
• “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in
smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and
communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts”.
(IoT in 2020)

IoT-An Architectural Overview
• Characteristics of IoT
1. Intelligence – Knowledge extraction from the generated
data
2. Architecture – A hybrid architecture supporting many
others
3. Complex system – A diverse set of dynamically changing
objects
4. Size considerations – Scalability
5. Time considerations – Billions of parallel and
simultaneous events
6. Space considerations – Localization
7. Everything-as-a-service – Consuming resources as a
service

LOGICAL DESIGN OF IOT
• In this article we discuss Logical design of Internet
of things. Logical design of IoT system refers to an
abstract representation of the entities &
processes without going into the low-level
specifies of the implementation.
• For understanding Logical Design of IoT, we
describes given below terms.
1. IoT Functional Blocks
2. IoT Communication Models
3. IoT Communication APIs

IoT Functional Blocks

Functional blocks
• Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing,
actuation, and monitoring and control functions.
• Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
• Services: services for device monitoring, device control service,
data publishing services and services for device discovery
• Management: This block provides various functions to govern the
IoT system.
• Security: this block secures the IoT system and by providing
functions such as authentication, authorization, message and
content integrity, and data security.
• Application: This is an interface that the users can use to control
and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Application also
allows users to view the system status and view or analyze the
processed data.

REQUEST–RESPONSE COMMUNICATION MODEL
REQUEST–RESPONSE IS A COMMUNICATION MODEL IN WHICH THE
CLIENT SENDS REQUESTS TO THE SERVER AND THE SERVER RESPONDS TO
THE REQUESTS.
OUTCOMES:
STUDENT WILL BE ABLE UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION MODELS
Communication Models

PUBLISH–SUBSCRIBE COMMUNICATION MODEL
PUBLISH–SUBSCRIBE IS A COMMUNICATION MODEL THAT INVOLVES
PUBLISHERS, BROKERS AND CONSUMERS.
PUBLISHERS ARE THE SOURCE OF DATA.
PUBLISHERS SEND THE DATA TO THE TOPICS WHICH ARE MANAGED BY
THE BROKER. PUBLISHERS ARE NOT AWARE OF THE CONSUMERS.
OUTCOMES:
STUDENT WILL BE ABLE UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION MODELS
Communication Models

PUSH–PULL COMMUNICATION MODEL
PUSH–PULL IS A COMMUNICATION MODEL IN WHICH THE DATA
PRODUCERS PUSH THE DATA TO QUEUES AND THE CONSUMERS PULL THE
DATA FROM THE QUEUES. PRODUCERS DO NOT NEED TO BE AWARE OF
THE CONSUMERS.
OUTCOMES:
STUDENT WILL BE ABLE UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION MODELS
Communication models

EXCLUSIVE PAIR COMMUNICATION MODELS
EXCLUSIVE PAIR IS A BIDIRECTIONAL, FULLY DUPLEX COMMUNICATION
MODEL THAT USES A PERSISTENT CONNECTION BETWEEN THE CLIENT
AND THE SERVER.
OUTCOMES:
STUDENT WILL BE ABLE UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION MODELS
Communication models

REST-BASED COMMUNICATION APIS
REPRESENTATIONAL STATE TRANSFER (REST) IS A SET OF ARCHITECTURAL
PRINCIPLES BY WHICH YOU CAN DESIGN WEB SERVICES AND WEB APIS
THAT FOCUS ON A SYSTEM’S RESOURCES AND HOW RESOURCE STATES
ARE ADDRESSED AND TRANSFERRED.
OUTCOMES:
STUDENT WILL BE ABLE UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION APIS
API

WEBSOCKET-BASED COMMUNICATION APIS
WEBSOCKET APIS ALLOW BI-DIRECTIONAL, FULL DUPLEX
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CLIENTS AND SERVERS.
OUTCOMES:
STUDENT WILL BE ABLE UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION APIS
API

OUTCOMES:
STUDENT WILL BE ABLE UNDERSTAND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
COMMUNICATION APIS
Difference between REST and WebSocket-based Communication APIs

PHYSICAL DESIGN OF IOT

IoT-An Architectural Overview

LINK LAYER
802.3 – ETHERNET
802.11 – WIFI
802.16 – WIMAX
802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
2G/3G/4G
NETWORK/INTERNET LAYER
IPV4, IPV6, 6LOWPAN
TRANSPORT LAYER
TCP, UDP
APPLICATION LAYER
HTTP, COAP, WEBSOCKET,
MQTT, XMPP, DDS, AMQP
OUTCOMES:
STUDENT WILL BE ABLE UNDERSTAND IOT PROTOCOLS
IoT Protocols

DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Prepare for Evolving User Actions
Leverage
Create Contextual Experiences
Account for Premeditated Actions
Connect People

CONSIDERATIONS FOR IOT SOLUTIONS
IoT Security
IoT Analytics
IoT Device (Thing) Management
Low-Power, Short-Range IoT Networks
Low-Power, Wide-Area Networks
IoT Processors
IoT Operating Systems
Event Stream Processing
IoT Platforms
IoT Standards and Ecosystems

M2M AND IOT TECHNOLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS
smart device / sensor layer: The lowest layer is made up of smart objects integrated
with sensors. The sensors enable the interconnection of the physical and digital worlds
allowing real-time information to be collected and processed. There are various types
of sensors for different purposes.
The sensors have the capacity to take measurements such as temperature, air quality,
speed, humidity, pressure, flow, movement and electricity etc. In some cases, they
may also have a degree of memory, enabling them to record a certain number of
measurements.
A sensor can measure the physical property and convert it into signal that can be
understood by an instrument. Sensors are grouped according to their unique purpose
such as environmental sensors, body sensors, home appliance sensors and vehicle
telematics sensors, etc.
Most sensors require connectivity to the sensor gateways. This can be in the form of a
Local Area Network (LAN) such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi connections or Personal Area
Network (PAN) such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and Ultra Wideband (UWB).
For sensors that do not require connectivity to sensor aggregators, their connectivity
to backend servers/applications can be provided using Wide Area Network (WAN)
such as GSM, GPRS and LTE. Sensors that use low power and low data rate
connectivity, they typically form networks commonly known as wireless sensor
networks (WSNs).