1. CHEMISTRY OF FABRICS AND DYES

2. HISTORY OF FABRICS
 5,000 B.C….Flax- a material that is used to make
linens by spinning and weaving.
 3,000 B.C….Cotton was used by the Egyptians.
Cotton is made from a whiteish yellow vegetable
fiber and will produce different qualities based on
different plants.
 3,000 B.C….Wool also dates back to around 3,000
B.C. and it was used by people in the Stone Age.
Wool comes from the fleece of sheep and lamb and
is a much thicker fabric.

3. NATURAL FABRICS VS. SYNTHETIC FABRICS
 Natural fabrics- made of fiber that either comes
from an animal, a vegetable or a mineral.
-Examples: Wool, Silk, Linen, Cotton, Flax,
and Hemp.
 Synthetic fabrics (manufactured fabrics)- developed
based on their use, such as in ropes.
-Examples: Rayon, Spandex, Acetate, and
Acrylic.

4. Wool Fabric
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Silk Fabric
Flax Fabric
Cotton Fabric
Linen Fabric
Hemp

5. Synthetic Fabrics
Rayon Fabric
Acetate Fabric
Acrylic Fabric
Spandex Fabric

6. SYNTHETIC MATERIALS
Chemical process to form synthetic materials:
1. All synthetic textiles start in a molten liquid form.
2. That liquid is then forced through a spinneret.
3. Liquid synthetic fabric strings are then cooled and dried
4. They can then be woven into textiles.

7. CHEMISTRY OF NYLON

8. CHEMISTRY OF POLYESTER

9. CHEMISTRY OF SPANDEX

10. CHEMISTRY OF RAYON

11. HISTORY AND GENERAL INFORMATION OF DYES
 In aqueous solutions
 Dye vs. pigment….dyes = soluble and pigments =
not soluble
 Technique of dying dates back to prehistoric times
 Natural vs. synthetic….natural dyes = first created
in 1856 but quickly replaced with synthetic (man
made) dyes
 Classified according to how they are used in the
dyeing process

12. CLASSIFICATION OF DYES
 Organic/Inorganic
 Natural/Synthetic
 Area and method of application
 Chemical classification- Based on the nature of
their respective chromophores.
 Nature of the Electronic Excitation(i.e, energy
transfer colorants, absorption colorants and
fluorescent colorants).
 According to the dyeing methods
 Anionic(for Protein fibre)
 Direct(Cellulose)
 Disperse(Polyamide fibres)

13. DIFFERENT TYPES OF DYES
Group Application
Direct Cotton, cellulosic and
blended fibers
Vat Dyes Cotton, cellulosic and
blended fibers
Sulfur Cotton, Cellulosic fibers
Organic pigments Cotton, cellulosic, blended
fabric, paper
Reactive Cellulosic fiber and fabric
Disperse Synthetic fiber
Acid Wool, silk, paper, synthetic
fibers, leather
Basic Silk, wool, cotton

14. ACID DYES
 water-soluble anionic dyes
 applied to fibers such as
silk, wool, nylon and
modified acrylic fibers
 Attachment to the fiber is
attributed, at least partly, to
salt formation between
anionic groups in the dyes
and cationic groups in the
fiber.
 Stick to fibers by hydrogen
bonding, Van der Waals
force, and ionic bonding
 Structure is made up of Azo
dyes, Triphenylmethane,
and Anthraquinone

15. BASIC DYES
 water-soluble cationic
dyes
 applied to acrylic fibers,
but find some use for
wool and silk
 soluble in acid and
insoluble in basic
solution
 Bonded by ionic bonds

16. DIRECT (SUBSTANTIVE) DYES
 Bright and deep colors
 can be azo compounds,
stilbenes, oxazines, or
phtalocyanines
 Contain solubilising
groups (mainly sulphonic
acid groups) in an
aqueous solution
 dye molecules being held
in place mainly through
Van der Waals forces and
hydrogen bonds

17. MODIFIERS
 Common methyl and ethyl modifiers can be added
Example:
Original dye: red color
Add four methyl groups to
get violet color