2. ARBOVIRUSES
Arthropod borne viruses – virus of vertebrates.
Transmitted by insects vectors.
Cause infections in animals & birds.
Transmitted to man by bite of infected mosquitoes, ticks & sand flies.
Worldwide, more in tropical areas than temperate.
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Transmission Cycles
Man – Arthropod – Man
Animal – Arthropod - Man
3. Man-Arthropod-Man Cycle
Reservoir may be in either man or arthropod vector.
E.g. dengue, urban yellow fever.
In the latter transovarial transmission may take place.
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4. Animal-Arthropod-Man Cycle
The reservoir is in an animal.
The virus is maintained in nature in a transmission cycle involving the
arthropod vector and animal. Man becomes infected incidentally.
e.g. Japanese encephalitis, EEE, WEE, yellow fever.
Both cycles may be seen with some arboviruses such as yellow fever.
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5. Animal Reservoirs
In many cases, the actual reservoir is not known. The following animals
are implicated as reservoirs.
Birds - Japanese encephalitis, St Louis encephalitis, EEE, WEE
Pigs - Japanese encephalitis
Monkeys - Yellow Fever
Rodents - VEE, Russian Spring-Summer encephalitis
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6. About 500 viruses in this group.
About 100 causes infection in man.
About 10 in India.
Sub groups: Alpha virus ( Toga viruses)
Flavi virus
Bunya virus
Rhabdo virus
Reo virus6
Examples of
Arthropod Vectors
Aedes Aegypti Ticks
Culex Mosquito Phlebotmine Sandfly
7. Morphology
Size : 60-150nm
Symmetry: Spherical .cubical, helical
Genome: ss RNA (Reoviridae -ds RNA)
Distribution: Worldwide. Many diseases given names according to location.
Eg: Venzulean Equine Encephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis. St. Louis enc.
Virus, Russian spring summer Enc., California enc. etc
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8. General Properties:
Causes fatal encephalitis in suckling mice after intracerebral inoculation.
Possess haemagglutinin and agglutinate erythrocytes of goose or day old chicks.
Mosquito borne arboviruses multiply in aedes and culex, while tick borne multiply in
Ixodid ticks.
They can be grown in cell like chick embryo fibroblasts or continuous cell lines like vero
or HeLa, & in cultures of appropriate insect tissues.
May also be isolated in the yolk sack or CAM of chick embryo.
They are readily inactivated at room temperature and by bile salts, ether and other lipid
solvents.8
9. Antigenic Structure:
Three antigens are important in serological studies namely:
a. Haemagglutinins
b. Complement fixing antigen
c. Neutralizing antigen
Cross reactions occur among arboviruses.
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Pathogenesis
Virus enters the body through bite of the vector.
Virus multiplies in reticuloendothelial system and leads to viraemia.
Virus transported to target organs such as CNS – encephalitis;
Capillary endothelium – haemorrhagic fevers & Liver – Yellow fever.
10. Diseases Caused
Febrile illness - This is usually a non-specific illness resembling a number
of other viral illnesses such as influenza, rubella, and enterovirus infections.
The patients may go on to develop encephalitis or haemorrhagic fever.
E.g. Chikungunya, Dengue.
Encephalitis – Inflammation of brain.
E.g. EEE, WEE, St Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis.
Hemorrhagic fever – Bleeding disorder with high fever.
E.g. yellow fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever.10
11. Arbovirus infections
Family & Genus Encephalitis Febrile illness Haemorrhagic fever
I. Togaviridae
Alphavirus
(Mosquito – borne)
•WEE
•EEE
•VEE
•Chikungunya
•O’nyong-nyong
•Semliki Forest
•Sindbis
•Ross river virus
•Chikungunya
II. Flaviviridae
Flavivirus
a. Mosquito- borne
b. Tick-borne
•St. Louis Encep.
•Ilheus
•West Nile
•Murray Valley Enc.
•Japanese B Enc.
•Russian spring summer
enceph.
•Powassan
•Dengue, types 1-4 •Dengue
•Yellow fever
•Kyasanur forest
disease
•Omsk Haemorrhagic
fever
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12. Family & Genus Encephalitis Febrile illness Haemorrhagic fever
III. Bunyaviridae
a) Bunya virus
(Mosquito-borne)
b) Phlebovirus
(Phlembotomus or
mosquito-borne)
c) Nairovirus (tick-
borne)
•California encephalitis
•La Crossie
•Chittor virus
•Sandfly fever
•Rift-valley fever
•Nairobi sheep
disease
•Ganjam virus
----
IV. Reoviridae
Orbivirus
(Tick-borne)
-------- •Colorado tick borne
virus ----
V. Rhabdoviridae
Vesiculovirus
(Mosquito-borne,
sandfly-borne)
--------
•Vesicular stomatitis
virus
•Chandipura virus
----
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13. TOGAVIRIDAE
Toga = Mantle
(cloak, a Roman dress)
Spherical, enveloped, 60-70 nm in diameter with
icosahedral capsid surrounded by lipoprotein envelop and
contains single stranded RNA.
Contains 2 genera: Alphavirus & Rubivirus
Alphavirus- 32 members, 13 cause human infection.
Rubivirus contains Rubella virus, is not arthropod borne.13
14. Encephalitis viruses:
EEE (Eastern Canada, USA & the Caribbean)
WEE (America)
VEE (Central & South America)
Causes encephalitis in horses & humans.
Influenza like illness with encephalitis in less cases.
Culex & Anopheles mosquitoes (vectors).
Formalin inactivated mouse brain vaccines (for EEE & WEE), Live
attenuated vaccines (VEE).
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15. Viruses causing Febrile illness:
1. Chikungunya virus:
First isolated from human patients and Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes in Tanzania in 1952.
Transmitted by Aedes aegypti.
Appeared in India in 1963.
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FEATURES:
•Fever, crippling joint pains, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy & rash.
•Patients lies doubled up (severe joint pains) hence the name.
•Hemorrhagic manifestations may occur.
•Biphasic fever with period of remission after 1-6 days.
•No animal reservoir & No vaccines available so far.
16. 2. O’nyong-nyong virus:
Isolated in Uganda. Confined to Africa.
Closely related to Chikungunya virus antigenitically.
Transmitted by Anopheles species.
3. Semliki Forest virus:
First isolated in 1942 in Uganda from Aedes mosquitoes.
4. Sindbis Virus:
Isolated from Culex mosquitoes in Sindbis district of Egypt in 1952.
Recovered from Africa, India, Australia & Phillippines.
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17. FLAVIVIRIDAE:
Flavus = Yellow (refers to yellow fever)
Originally named as group B arboviruses.
Contains over 70 viruses, 13 causes human infection.
Mosquito and Tick borne.
Non-arthropod-borne viruses of this family belong to 2 genera: Pestivirus
(veterinary pathogens) and Hepatitis C virus.
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Morphology:
Spherical 40 – 50 nm in diameter.
Single stranded RNA.
Inner viral core is surrounded by a lipid envelope which is covered with
glycoprotein and matrix or membrane protein.
18. Korea, Japan, S/E Asia, India.
Recognized in Japan since 1871.
Virus first isolated in Japan in 1935.
Named JE- B to differentiate it from JE-A (von Economos disease).
JE is a serious disease. Signs of encephalitis seen after 1 - 6 days.
S/S of encephalitis- Neck rigidity, convulsion, coma. CSF pressure increased,
lymphocytes- increased, sugar-Normal, proteins-increased, Chlorides-Normal.
Mortality- up to 50%. Residual neurological damage.
Japanese encephalitis:
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19. Japanese Encephalitis appeared in India in 1955.
Pigs act as amplifier hosts.
Hosts: Herons & ergrets ( birds), ducks, pigeons, sparrows, cattle.
Transmitted by- Culex mosquito.
Preventive measures:
Relocate piggeries away from dwellings.
Mosquito control.
There is no satisfactory vaccine.
Treatment: No specific treatment.
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20. Yellow Fever
Confined to Africa, Central and South America.
Immunization necessary for Air travel to these countries.
Yellow fever does not indicate Jaundice, but the Yellow quarantine flag used
by the ships during 17th century to warn the presence of infection on board.
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21. Distinctive features
Recognised in 17th century
Originated in Africa » » » Europe, America
Transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
Incubation period is 3-6 days.
Fever, headache, vomiting, chills, jaundice,
albuminuria, hemorrhages.
Liver/kidney failure
Liver- fatty degeneration and necrosis. Councilman
bodies. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in nucleus.
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Fatty degeneration of Liver
. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies
Counsilman bodies
22. Dengue
Name derived from the Swahili, Ki denga pepo,
meaning a sudden seizure by a demon.
Widely distributed.
Affects 2.5 billion people in 200 countries.
4 serotypes: DEN1, DEN2, DEN3 & DEN4.
Transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
Antigenitically related to yellow fever, but no significant cross immunity.
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23. Clinical Features:
Affects usually older children and adults.
Incubation period is 3 -14 days.
Sudden onset, fever, headache, muscle pain
retrobulbar pain, pain in back and limb (break bone
fever) on 3rd or 4th day.
Lymphnode enlargement, and maculo -papulary
rash.
Febrile illness lasts for about 10 days, after which
recovery is generally complete.
Rarely fatal.
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24. Complications
Due to multiple dengue virus.
Hemorrhages in skin, mucosa, internal organs
(Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever)
Pulmonary edema.
Low BP.
Liver cirrhosis.
Shock – Dengue Shock Syndrome.
Mortality - 5 to 10%
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25. 25
Elimination of mosquitoes and mosquito breeding places.
No specific treatment.
No effective vaccines available.
Live attenuated vaccine containing all 4 dengue serotypes is under clinical trials.
Prophylaxis:
26. Kyasanur Forest disease
Disease first recognized in Kyasanur forest in Karnataka in 1957.
Severe prostrating illness.
Reservoirs - Birds & animals. Tick may act as the reservoir.
Transmission – by bite of Tick.
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Clinical features:
Incubation period: 3 – 7days
Patient develops fever of sudden onset.
Headache, vomiting, conjunctivitis, myalgia and sever prostration.
Massive hemorrhages in alimentary canal, chest cavity and epistaxis may
occur.
Case fatality – 5%. Vaccination – killed KFD vaccine.
27. BUNYAVIRIDAE
Contains more than 300 members.
First isolated from
Bunyamwera in Uganda.
About 100 nm diameter.
Has complex structure, with
a triple segmented genome of ss RNA.
Contains 4 medically important genera-
Bunyavirus, Phlebovirus, Nairovirus & Hantavirus.
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28. 1. Bunyavirus: Mosquito-borne. It includes California encephalitis virus,
La Crossie virus & Chittor virus. Clinical features similar in all three except that
Chittor virus causes only mild fever.
2. Phlebovirus: Phlebotomus or mosquito borne. Causes Sandfly fever & Rift
valley fever. 20 antigenic types, only 5 causes human infection. No vertebrate
hosts other than humans.
3. Nairovirus: Tick borne. Mainly the disease of sheep. Infects humans
occasionally causing mild febrile illness.
4. Hantavirus: Non-arthropod-borne. Transmitted to humans by rodents hosts.
Causes haemorrhagic fever and nephropathy. Also named HFRS (Haemorrhagic
fever with renal syndrome). Clinical picture resembles Leptospirosis & typhoid.
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29. Lab diagnosis of Arbovirus diseases
Specimen: Blood, CSF, Brain may be used for virus isolation.
Virus isolation:
1. Intra cerebral inoculation in suckling mice. Most sensitive. Develops fetal
encephalitis.
2. Yolk sac of chick embryo
3. Tissue culture
4. Xenodiagnosis (a method of animal inoculation using laboratory-breed bugs and
animals)
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Serology:
ELISA – Used for detection of serotype specific IgM antibody.
Complement fixation test.
Haemagglutination or neutralisation test.
30. Treatment:
Antibiotics are not effective for treatment and no effective antiviral drugs have
yet been discovered.
Treatment is supportive, attempting to deal with problems & other treatable
complications.
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VACCINES:
The only effective vaccine available is for Yellow fever .
It is a live attenuated vaccine known as 17 – D strain .
The vaccine is administered subcutaneously in one dose , with a booster dose
every 10 years .
Recommended to travelers to endemic areas.
Should not be given to children less than 9-months.