A Dissertation on Aqua Cities- Demand for a new habitation. Concept of Utopia now is coming with the revolutionary ideas of settlement underwater

1. 1
A
Dissertation
On
DEMAND FOR A NEW HABITATION: AQUA CITIES
For the degree of Bachelor of Architecture
In
SUNDERDEEP COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
2017-18
Submitted by
AYUSHI AGRAWAL
Under the guidelines
Of
AR. SUNNY THAKUR
AR. TAPAN GOYAL
AR. SAKSHAM GUPTA

2. 2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Dissertation titled “DEMAND FOR A NEW HABITATION:
AQUA CITIES” submitted by AYUSHI AGRAWAL as a part of 5 years Undergraduate
Program in Architecture at SUNDERDEEP COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE is a record of
bonafide work carried out by her under our guidance.
The content included in the Dissertation has not been submitted to any other University or
institution for accord of any other degree or diploma.
Ar. Sunny Thakur Ar. Rakesh Sapra
(Dissertation Guide) (Director)
Ar. Tapan Goyal
(Dissertation Guide)
Ar. Saksham Gupta
(Dissertation Guide)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
While a completed dissertation bears the single name of the student, the process that leads to
its completion is always accomplished in combination with the dedicated work of other people.
I wish to acknowledge my appreciation to certain people.
I shall begin with God the almighty: without His will, I would have never found the right path.
His mercy was with me throughout my life and ever more in this study. I thank Him for
enlightening my soul with the respected love and compassion for the other humans and
allowing me to enter a field where I could practice this desire.
I would like to acknowledge my indebtedness and render my warmest thanks to my supervisor,
Ar. Sunny Thakur who made this work possible. His friendly guidance and expert advice
have been invaluable throughout all stages of the work.
I would also wish to express my gratitude to Ar. Saksham Gupta and Ar. Tapan for extended
discussions and valuable suggestions, who have contributed greatly to the improvement of the
thesis.
The person with the greatest indirect contribution to this work is my mother. I want to thank
her, my father, as well as my brother and sister, for their constant encouragement.

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ABSTRACT
In the past century, living in cities inside the water or beneath it, was an idea only used by film
makers in Hollywood to create some interesting science fiction movies. In this century and
with the challenges the world is facing, the idea became more and more appealing to architects
as a solution to many of their immediate and future problems. To these architects, these cities
are expected to be smart, liveable, sustainable and resilient, four concepts any city now strives
to achieve. This indicates the importance of such a city and the possibilities it can offer. In
addition, the concept of building a complete city in the water, an “Aqua City” as the research
calls it, is very inspiring and has its own aesthetical values. Thus this dissertation tries to
explore the idea of an aqua city and to illustrate its relation with the four concepts and their
principles.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………8-11
1.1 Aim……………………………………………………………………………….8
1.2 Objective………………………………………………………………………….8
1.3 Scope ……………………………………………………………………………..8
1.4 Limitation…………………………………………………………………………9
1.5 Future Problems………………………………………………………………….10
1.6 Background Study………………………………………………………………..10
2. Literature review………………………………………………………..12-25
2.1 Aqua Cities………………………………………………………………………12
2.1.1 Four main aspects to an Aqua City……………………………………….12
2.1.2 Types of Aqua City……………………………………………………….13
2.2 Design of Underwater Structures…………………………………………….......17
2.2.1 Project Type………………………………………………………............18
2.2.2 Shape and Form………………………………………………………..….18
2.2.3 Degree of Enclosure………………………………………………………19
2.2.4 Entrance Spaces and Access……………………………………………....20
2.2.5 Dependency of Structure………………………………………………….21
2.2.6 Safety…………………………………………………………………...…22
2.2.7 Selection of Site……………………………………………………...……22
2.2.8 Lighting……………………………………………………………….…..23
2.2.9 Use of Color……………………………………………………………....23
2.2.10 Construction and Assembling…………………………………………….23
2.3 Materials Used………………………………………………………………...…24
2.4 Construction Techniques…………………………………………………...……25
3. Case Study……………………………………………………………………...26-37
3.1 Ocean Spiral, Japan………………………………………………………………26
3.2 Lady Landfill Skyscraper, Southern Chile…………………………………….…33
3.3 Gyre, Ocean City………………………………………………………….……..35
4. Design Objectives…………………………………………………….....38-47
4.1 Energy from the Ocean………………………………………………………..…38
4.2 Underwater Mining……………………………………………………………....42
4.3 Monitoring Seismic Activities………………………………………………...…44
4.4 Movability………………………………………………………………………..45
4.5 Safety………………………………………………………………………….....45
4.6 Structure, Cost and Economics………………………………………………..…46
4.7 Advantages………………………………………………………………….……46
4.8 Disadvantages……………………………………………………………………47
5. Conclusion and Recommendations………………………………………..48
6. Bibliography……………………………………………………………...…49

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Aqua City................................................................................................................................12
Figure 2 Floating Ecotopia city, Japan..................................................................................................13
Figure 3 Lilypad City, Dubai................................................................................................................14
Figure 4 Ocean Spiral, Japan ................................................................................................................14
Figure 5 Floating City Project, Pacific Ocean ......................................................................................15
Figure 6 Lilypad City, Dubai................................................................................................................15
Figure 7 Water Scraper, Malaysia.........................................................................................................15
Figure 8 Floating Island, South Korea..................................................................................................16
Figure 9 Floating Ecotopia City, Japan.................................................................................................16
Figure 10 The Ark, China.....................................................................................................................16
Figure 11 Shapes according to pressure................................................................................................18
Figure 12 Pressure on the walls ............................................................................................................19
Figure 13 Entrance through horizontal tunnels.....................................................................................20
Figure 14 Entrance through vertical tunnels.........................................................................................21
Figure 15 Steel used Underwater..........................................................................................................24
Figure 16 Aluminium alloys .................................................................................................................24
Figure 17 Titanium alloys.....................................................................................................................24
Figure 18 Ocean Spiral .........................................................................................................................26
Figure 19 Base Camp-Ocean Spiral......................................................................................................26
Figure 20 Green Concept Tower...........................................................................................................26
Figure 21 Lifestyle in Ocean Spiral......................................................................................................27
Figure 22 Central Tower comprising of Business Zone .......................................................................27
Figure 23 Infra Spiral............................................................................................................................27
Figure 24 Earth Factory ........................................................................................................................28
Figure 25 Spherical concrete lattice shell of 500m in diameter............................................................28
Figure 26 Using an internal tower to reinforce the sphere’s shell ........................................................28
Figure 27 Spherical shell with triangular acrylic plates measuring 50m on each side .........................28
Figure 28 360° panoramic views of the deep sea..................................................................................28
Figure 29 Construction techniques .......................................................................................................29
Figure 30 Submersion of completed structure......................................................................................29
Figure 31 Ocean Spiral construction method........................................................................................30
Figure 32 Floating seawall....................................................................................................................30
Figure 33 Vibration Damping equipment.............................................................................................30
Figure 34 Site Variations ......................................................................................................................30
Figure 36 Candidate sites based on sea floor topography.....................................................................31
Figure 35 Sites based on regional characteristics .................................................................................31
Figure 37 500-m diameter (city model) ................................................................................................31
Figure 38 200-m diameter (architectural model) .................................................................................32
Figure 39 Five basic elements...............................................................................................................32
Figure 40 Gyre, Australia .....................................................................................................................33
Figure 41 Extended wings to afloat the structure..................................................................................33
Figure 42 Circulation between vortex and breakwater elements..........................................................34
Figure 43 Design Concept- Lady Landfill Seascraper..........................................................................35
Figure 44 Cross sections.......................................................................................................................36
Figure 46 Garbage collecting units.......................................................................................................37
Figure 45 Vertical Program ..................................................................................................................37
Figure 47 Typical tidal power plant......................................................................................................38
Figure 48 Tidal power generation.........................................................................................................38
Figure 49 Pontoons floating on sea bed................................................................................................39

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Figure 50 Oscillating Water Column....................................................................................................39
Figure 51 Wave power..........................................................................................................................40
Figure 52 Ocean Thermal Energy Diagram..........................................................................................40
Figure 53 Block diagram of all applications from OTECT ..................................................................41
Figure 54 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion......................................................................................41
Figure 55 Mining Deposits ...................................................................................................................42
Figure 56 Extraction of ores from sea bed............................................................................................43

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1. INTRODUCTION:
LTHOUGH technology was introduced into all areas of life in answer to current
and future economic, social, and environmental problems. However, as a result
people managed to alter the world´s climate in a way that it has become a threat to
human civilization. Many coastal cities are slowly sinking into the water due to the climate
change and the rise in sea level it caused. For example, the edges of Dubai´s most famous
holiday resort, the artificial palm island, have already been eroded by floods. Therefore,
architects, with futuristic architectural visions, tried to overcome the ongoing global warming
with all its damaging consequences through new and unconventional architecture. One of these
contemporary futuristic concepts invented by revolutionary architects and designers are “Aqua
Cities”, an innovative and imaginative solution to the future environmental problems. It is also
a new trend that aims at using the ocean/sea space, an approach that can result in the human
populations’ settlement of the oceans, especially since land became more and more limited in
some countries.
1.1 AIM:
To study about designing, stability and functionality of Aqua cities.
1.2 OBJECTIVE:
To study about the design considerations of underwater structures thereby studying its-
 Construction techniques
 Materials used underwater for its better functionality
 Shape and designing of different structures employed in working of an underwater city
1.3 SCOPE:
The Aqua cities could be the building block in shaping the future of next generation. With the
advanced technology and new techniques, it could be made more stable than the cities already
flourished on land. Keeping in mind the imbalance created in the earth’s biosphere by humans
it could be made more susceptible to climate change and natural disasters. Also only 1% of
seawater has been researched and accordingly sea is home for varied resources. Aqua cities
could generate a platform for underwater studies thereby encroachment of new resources for a
better future.

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1.4 LIMITATION:
The study aims to define the architectural parameters thereby limiting it to engineering basics.
1.5 FUTURE PROBLEMS
It is estimated that only one-eighth of the surface of the earth is suitable for humans to live on.
And roughly three-quarters of the earth surface is covered by oceans and water. The rest of the
land area (one eight) consists of deserts (14%), high mountains (27%), or other unsuitable
terrain. However, there is still plenty of space left on the vast land to build cities or
accommodate people for the coming centuries as we are only occupying roughly 5% of the
earth surface. So why would we start to live on floating cities on the water surface? Reasons to
live on water in the far future is encouraged by the following problems: - Sea level rise due to
climate change (intense rainfall) - Lack of available building ground
Sea level rise due to climate change. The ice caps are melting as a result of the higher
temperatures and the sea level is expected to rise. A rise of the sea level brings problems to the
coast or the sea defences of a country. A rise of the sea level also means a rise in the water
level of rivers. Moreover, the climate change brings more severe rainfall, which leads to higher
river discharges. The flood defences in a country (especially in a country below the sea level
like the Netherlands) are more heavily loaded and need to be improved to minimise the risk of
flooding. Instead of fighting against these water issues, one can also adapt to it and live with
it. This can be accomplished by floating houses (and to a much bigger extend, floating cities),
which are flexible on rising water levels.
Lack of available building ground. The lack of available ground to build houses and facilities
on is another problem the society is facing. There is a demand for more living space due to the
ever-fast growing population. Some countries/cities do not have that available ground to build
houses on, which is why they tend to extend to the sea with the help of land reclamations. But
there are places in the world where land reclamation is less feasible. For instance, places where
the water depth is too large or places where there is no or scarce sand available for land
reclamation works (a well-known example is Singapore). A solution for these places where

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land reclamation is less feasible or expensive is, again, to live on the water with help of floating
structures.
The concept of a floating city is not necessarily needed now, but it would provide more use in
the future when sea level rise is really becoming a big problem. It also helps for overpopulated
cities (near shores) to expand to the sea.
1.6 BACKGROUND STUDY:
Until recently, only marine biologists and underwater archaeologists were the main parties
interested to live underwater, since to biologists, to be there, is the only way to understand
what’s really happening in the oceanic environment. As for archaeologists, they could resurrect
sunken ships or search for lost artefacts. However, lately some architects began to see
underwater living as a solution for preserving human kind in case of an apocalyptic catastrophe,
a newer version of Noah's ark. On the other hand, major oil companies were the main parties
interested in developing water floating platform technology. Most of their platforms have been
piercing the ocean surface while resting on the ocean floor. However, lately, the oil companies
have started to use free-floating platforms, which do not need to be bottom supported; where
the platform can float freely but stays in position by resisting the effects of wind and waves.
However, the oil company’s platforms were not the only floating systems that appeared. Table
(1) will illustrate the different types of floating systems found nowadays.

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Type
Floating Bridges
Floating
Entertainment
Facilities
Floating Storage
Facilities Floating
Oil Storage Base
Floating Plants
Floating docks,
piers, berths and
container terminals
Floating Airports
and Mobile
Offshore Base
Floating Cities
Nordhordland Floating
Bridge, Norway
Floating Restaurant in
Yokohoma, Japan
Kamigoto Floating Oil
Storage Base, Nagasaki
Prefecture, Japan
Studies are already
underway to use floating
structures for wind farms.
Floating Pier at Ujina,
Japan
Mega-Float in Tokyo Bay,
Japan
Osaka Focus B by
Japanese Society of Steel
Construction
Table 1 Current floating structures

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 AQUA CITIES:
As aforementioned, many different types of structures have been built in the sea as floating
platforms to expand the living space or for functional uses. It started with small structures as
illustrated and ended with architects designing offshore floating cities to absorb urban
expansion in the years to come, which
will be referred to in the research as
the “Aqua City”. By 2020, it is
expected to establish the first Aqua
Floating City, with significant
political autonomy. To the research,
an “Aqua City” is the city where its
residents live and work permanently
on a floating or underwater structure,
on offshore shallow waters or on
open-ocean in deep water. The city can be fixated in a certain place or free to move and travels
like a ship or a submarine with different promising visions and constructive plans to deal with
multiple scenarios. Developed from these visions, the “Aqua city” will be classified into three
main types; a floating city, a submersed city and a semi- submersed city.
2.1.1 FOUR MAIN ASPECTS TO AN AQUA CITY:
Sustainability followed by liveability than resiliency approaches have replaced the old belief
in technology and smart approach only, with its careless consumption of energy and resources,
while creating a city. Nowadays, usually the term “liveable city” includes sustainability and
resiliency as well, three essential aspects while developing a city; in addition to advanced
technological appropriation. This part will illustrate that an aqua city is developed putting all
these four aspects in consideration. According to some architects, the temporary or permanent
living on the sea can be peaceful, profitable and also luxurious. Since an aqua city uses digital
technology and computer controlled systems which can produce various benefits: such as the
availability of new services to citizens and commuters, and thus improving the quality of life
and developing a smart city. This is considered an answer to the main aim of a liveable city,
Figure 1 Aqua City

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which is improving the quality of life for the city’s residents. On the other hand, sustainability
is always related to the ability of the city to be maintained and to sustain itself and its resources
for many coming centuries for the future generations and residents. And, sustainability of an
aqua city is related to an approach that is mainly conscious about the energy, water and ecology
of the city. Again, using smart technology in aqua cities can reduce energy and water
consumption, hence contributing to CO2 emissions reductions. Harnessing wave action or
using solar panels are great sustainable future options used in aqua cities as renewable energy
techniques. As for water, enough water could be collected from condensation of precipitation
or desalinization, as previously mentioned, to meet the citizens.’
2.1.2 TYPES OF AQUA CITIES:
1. Floating Aqua City (Above Water City)
2. Semi-Submersed Aqua City (Above & Beneath Water City)
3. Submersed Aqua City (Beneath Water City)
FLOATING AQUA CITY (ABOVE WATER CITY)
A Semisubmersible platform designed to house residents mainly above water surface. It is best
to be placed near shore in the calm, shallow waters found within territorial seas and bays;
however, it can be set in deep water on the open ocean. It can also be fixed in one place or
move like a ship.
Example, Floating Ecotopia City (Green Float), Japan
Floating ecotopia or green float is a series of floating
islands where residents live and work in its eco
skyscraper cities. They can also easily get to open
space, gardens and the beach above its platform. The
islands are connected together and can form a
country.
Figure 2 Floating Ecotopia city, Japan

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SEMI-SUBMERSED AQUA CITY (ABOVE & BENEATH WATER CITY)
A Semisubmersible construction designed to house residents above and beneath water surface.
It is best to place it in deep water on the open ocean and to move like a ship although it can be
found in calm, shallow waters found within territorial seas and be fixed in one place as well.
Example, Lilypad City, Dubai
Lilypad is an autonomous semisubmersible
floating city, providing room for up to 50,000
citizens. It is built so its residents can live and
work above and beneath sea level.
SUBMERSED AQUA CITY (BENEATH WATER CITY)
A totally submerged construction designed to house residents mainly under water surface.
However, in some types, it can have platforms above surface with some services. It is best to
place it in deep water on the open ocean and to be fixed in one place although it can be movable
like a submarine or ship as well.
Example, Ocean Spiral, Japan
Ocean Spiral dotted over the ocean that could
survive extreme weather events like
earthquakes, which are fairly common in Japan.
Micro-organisms called methanogens could be
used to convert carbon dioxide captured at the
surface into methane. Designed to house 2000
residents.
Figure 3 Lilypad City, Dubai
Figure 4 Ocean Spiral, Japan

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The Application of the Integrated City Principles on various Aqua Cities
The Floating City Project, Pacific Ocean
Project Application: Enhancing the residence quality of
Life
 It is an energy-efficient and self-sufficient city.
 It provides economic development to the governing
authority.
Lilypad City, Dubai
Project Application: Comprehensive land
use and green areas & improved
environmental quality
 Each floating city is designed to sustain
around 50,000 citizens.
 The man-made landscape in it creates a
diverse environment for its citizens.
 It is a zero-emission city.
Water-Scraper, Malaysia
Project Application: Efficiency and reservation
of resource use
 This city produces its own electricity using
wind, wave and solar power.
 It also produces its own food through
hydroponic techniques, farming and
aquaculture.
 The structure uses a set of squid-like tentacles
which generate kinetic energy.
Figure 6 Lilypad City, Dubai
Figure 7 Water Scraper, Malaysia
Figure 5 Floating City Project, Pacific Ocean

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Floating Island, South Korea
Project Application: Satisfying social needs & supporting historical preservation and cities
aesthetics
 Great excitement filled the residents living off the
Han River in Seoul, South Korea for the world’s
largest floating island.
 With its entertainment complex, the Viva is
drawing crowds and masses.
 It provides its own sense of beauty.
Floating Ecotopia City , Japan
Project Application: Conducting a waste &
pollution control management plan
 It manages waste through a waste control
plan.
 Energy is generated from renewable
sources, which decrease pollution.
The Ark, China
Project Application: Sustainable and resilient infrastructure and systems
 It is a bioclimatic structure with
independent life support system.
 Open layout to accommodate different
functions over time and allows resiliency
of the city.
 It uses solar cell & wind turbine, while
enough daylight enters through the
transparent roof.
Figure 8 Floating Island, South Korea
Figure 9 Floating Ecotopia City, Japan
Figure 10 The Ark, China

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2.2 CRITERIA FOR DESIGNING AN UNDERWATER STRUCTURE
Technologies of other fields were utilized by architects to design and construct underwater
projects. So far, structures that were constructed for different purposes inspired architects.
Moreover, some of the realized projects were produced by engineers who were experienced in
submarine and acrylic tunnel design. On the other hand, one of the main objectives of
architecture is to provide human a comfortable living area by means of meeting their
requirements. Namely, architecture creates spaces for people. This purpose of architecture
should be valid in any medium that is say underwater. Therefore, architectural aspects for the
design of underwater structures should be taken into consideration and discussed with an
indication on their difference from terrestrial ones.
In the design of underwater structures, it should be intended to meet a set of design goals for a
liveable space.
In other words, criteria for a liveable space should be defined and applied according to
underwater conditions. These criteria can be listed as:
 Keeping the inside pressure equal to the surface pressure.
 Establishing adequate technical systems to meet human comfort.
 Meeting all the physiological requirements of occupants.
 Providing convenient lighting to the space.
 Offering an adequate transportation system to carry people to the structure or proposing
suitable entrances according to the whole project.
 Offering view to exterior to link interior space with environment.
 Ensuring the safety
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR UNDERWATER
STRUCTURES
These parameters can be defined as:
1. Project type.
2. Degree of enclosure.
3. Entrance space and access.

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4. Dependency of structure (land-depended or autonomous).
5. Safety
6. Selection of site.
7. Lighting.
8. Use of colour.
9. Construction and assembling.
2.2.1 PROJECT TYPE
According to the project type underwater structure may be linked with other terrestrial
buildings or may be independent. At the first phases of design process, the decisions about the
“physical and operational relations” with others parts and shore should be made and all the
solutions and required systems should be designed accordingly. Mainly two alternatives can be
thought:
 The underwater structure can be a part of complex located on land.
 The underwater structure itself can constitute the whole project. In this case, there may be
also two alternatives:
o All functions can be governed by underwater structure.
o There can be a structure over water level that governs other functions.
 The two parts (over water and submerged), which have no relation by means of structure
can be link with tunnels, travelators or elevators.
2.2.2 STRUCTURE AND SHAPE OF THE UNDERWATER
STRUCTURES
The biggest challenge for an
underwater structure is withstanding
the constant water pressure. The
cylinder and sphere are verified as the
most common shapes for undersea
habitats.
Figure 11 Shapes according to pressure

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Pressure is a force divided by the area. The force of this pressure is exerted perpendicular to
the surface on the object. The illustrations on the left are based on a gas pressure from inside
the object, but the principles work the same with water pressure from the outside. Gas pressure
is easier to work with because one can assume the gas exerts
equal pressure to all sides, while water exerts more pressure on
the bottom of the object than on the top, because the pressure is
depended on the height of the water column above the object.
Forces acting on the outside of the object will cause compression
stresses in the material and forces acting on the inside will cause
tensile stresses.
The wall tension is dependent on the pressure and the radius of
the sphere. With an equal pressure the wall tension will increase
when the radius is increased.
2.2.3 DEGREE OF ENCLOSURE
The space must have a barrier that separates interior and exterior. Barriers can be combined to
form an enclosure. Openings, such as windows, doors or view ports, define a link between two
separate spaces through barriers. Properties of an opening determine the qualities of space, for
instance light, view and degree of enclosure. In the case of underwater structures, the amount
of enclosure should be decreased.
Certainly, providing maximum transparency and view is a more appropriate approach for the
nature of underwater design. Moreover, it can be stated that one of the main objectives of
underwater designing should be establishing relations with underwater. “Architecture always
depends on things that are already there.” Namely, as the problems, the potentials and
peculiarities of the environment should be recognized and besides utilized. The submerged
structures are able to provide distinctive experiences for people, such as observation of
underwater world and integration with the environment. This can be achieved by means of
view ports and transparent shell elements. Such openings in structure offer view from the
interior space to the exterior in order to establish visual relationships with surrounding. It can
be suggested that transparent materials, which have enough strength to resist hydrostatic
Figure 12 Pressure on the walls

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pressure, can be preferred to enclose interior space in underwater structures to achieve
maximum view and relation with environment.
2.2.4 ENTRANCE SPACE AND ACCESS
The way of access to underwater structures and design of entrances places should be considered
at the conceptual design phase. Humans can directly reach the entrance space which is under
water by “scuba diving”.
However desirability of this approach can be questioned, due to the fact that it will not be
preferred by visitors. Various alternatives of access can be achieved according to the location
of entrance space. Entrance space can be provided on land or over water.
First, entrance space can be designed on land. It can be constructed as an individual building
or provided in other building of complex. After that the access to the underwater structure will
be through horizontal, vertical or inclined tunnels according to the level and locations of the
structures. Steps, escalators, ramps or moving platforms can be provided in tunnels . Certainly
a second entrance area can be provided under water
Secondly, entrance space can be designed over the water level. People can reach this space by
motorboats or via a land bridge. Afterwards, the access to the underwater structure can be
through vertical tunnels.
Figure 13 Entrance through horizontal tunnels

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These tunnels can also be used to transport air, power and water from land to the submerged
structure. The tunnels can be divided into two parts- technical equipment’s and pipes can be
located one section while people move in the other part.
2.2.5 DEPENDENCY OF STRUCTURE (LAND-DEPENDED OR
AUTONOMOUS)
The living conditions in underwater structures should be designed to be similar to those on
land. Against environmental conditions architecture suggests systems for human comfort. The
following ones should be considered and designed with engineers:
First of all, to survive a breathable atmosphere should be achieved. Therefore air supply system
(oxygen supplement and removal of carbon dioxide) is essential. Electrical system is vital to
survive underwater since all other systems depend on it. The system supplies power for
lighting, heating, operation of electrical equipments and appliances. Therefore, uninterrupted
electric power should be provided to underwater structures. Mechanical systems are required
to provide comfort-zone conditions for occupants. These systems include the heating, cooling,
ventilating, and air-conditioning equipments used to control the comfort factors such as air
temperature, relative humidity of the air and air motion. These systems may show differences
in underwater structures because of the special requirements of an enclosed atmosphere. Water
supply is needed for occupancy, climate control, and fire protection. For human consumption
and sanitation a potable water supply is essential. System for waste management is another
issue that should be provided for collection and removal of waste water and organic waste. The
disposal of perishable and non-perishable hard waste from kitchens and rooms should also be
taken into consideration.
Figure 14 Entrance through vertical tunnels

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LAND-DEPENDED
The structure can be land-depended and typically would have normal air supplied from the
surface through a pressure resistant pipe. Likewise, power and water are provided to the
structure from the land. Energy, water and air can be distributed in underwater structures via
tunnel.
If the underwater structure is a part of a complex, the resources of the complex can be shared
by the submerged part. In addition, an independent technical unit can be constructed on land,
which is linked to city network. Afterward, all necessary equipments for mechanical and
electrical systems can be transported from land to submerged structures. Electric power can be
transported by “submarine power cables” from land.
Similarly, wastes can be transmitted to the land for necessary applications. Electricity can be
provided from land through tunnels. However energy storage namely “electric generators”
should be positioned under water in emergency conditions. Similar to electric power, although
water can be supplied from land storage should be thought in order to deal with the breakdown
of the supply system.
AUTONOMOUS DEPENDENT
Alternatively, the structure can be completely autonomous with its own diesel generators, water
makers, satellite communication, sewage treatment plant and other equipment to form a
complete, self-contained system anchored off-shore.
2.2.6 SAFETY
There might be a crack in the submerged structure caused by an unpredictable event or other
problems. Therefore the safety of occupants is vital that must be though and provided in
underwater design. Emergency exits and entrance for divers to interfere should be designed.
Safety places, as shelter in terrestrial buildings, can be proposed in underwater structures. Small
submarines may be placed in critical areas to transfer the people inside the structure to land.
For damages which are able to repair on the sea bed the pressure-resistant door, as in the
habitats, will be locked automatically.

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2.2.7 SELECTION OF SITE
In the word the underwater structures are located in special sea beds which contain special
underwater flora such as coral reefs and various sea creatures to display them as a scene.
Therefore, after decision was made to design an underwater structure required study should be
performed through the region where project will be constructed. On the other hand it can be
stated that, for beginning the challenge of achieving structures under water may be more
significant that the quality of site. From this perspective, initially underwater structures can be
constructed as a part of existing buildings without respect to characteristic of sea bed, for
example a hotel complex on island or near the sea.
2.2.8 LIGHTING
Light is a fundamental element in architecture which serves two primary objectives:
illuminating a task and creating a mood. The lighting system should provide sufficient
illumination for the performance of visual tasks, such as dining, reading and watching. The sun
is a rich source of natural light for the illumination of forms and spaces in architecture. Besides,
this daylight has psychological benefits as well as practical utility. However, underwater spaces
may not utilize day light as terrestrial ones. Therefore, lighting system should be appropriate
to fulfil the requirements of natural light as well. In fact, interior light should be meeting the
requirements of comfortable living so that all activities can be carried out like on land without
any obstruction.
2.2.9 USE OF COLOR
Generally color can be used to emphasize the character of the space or change it.
In underwater design color can be utilized to handle the disadvantage of the environment on
perception of space quality. Warm colors can be preferred to balance and deal with the cold
blue color of the water. The underwater restaurant, red sea star, can be demonstrated as an
example for this approach. To balance the bluish aquatic light, a range of color from yellow to
orange and red were chosen.
2.2.10 CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLING
Architects should be aware of the limitations and potential of the environment. Besides,
adequate knowledge about construction and assembling is required. The most appropriate
techniques should be utilized. For instance, the structure can be constructed in sections that can

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be easily transported later assembled on the site and finally submerged. Unrealistic design and
requests will cause loss of time and cost. Therefore, architects should contact with the persons
experienced in the construction of this type of structure in order to make efficient and
appropriate design according to this new environment.
2.3 MATERIALS USED:
Steel can be easily welded, bolted and riveted. Welding creates a continuous connection
between two steel components. This gives steel
great flexibility when it comes to combining
different elements to create a certain shape. Welding
can also happen under water, but the best quality is
achieved in a factory, where the elements are pre-
constructed. Bolts are often used to connect steel to
other materials, such as wood, but can also be a sustainable choice to allow the structure to be
dissembled.
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement and an aggregate. This aggregate can be almost any
type of sand, gravel, slag or natural stone. Concrete has a high compressive strength, but needs
to be combined with steel for a high tensile strength. Concrete can take almost any shape if it
is poured into such a mould and left to harden.
Aluminium alloys are preferred as a construction material
because of their availability, low cost and being easy to
fabricate. The main disadvantage of this material is being
vulnerable to corrosion when used in mixed structures
because of their chemical properties.
Titanium alloys have a better strength/weight ratio than
aluminium alloys and are ideal to be used. On the other
hand titanium alloys are 5.5 times more expensive than
aluminium alloys and it is an important disadvantage for
this material.
Steel and acrylic plastic are preferred for surfaces.
Transparency could be achieved by acrylic plastic which
had an extensive use in deep submersible and aquarium applications.
Figure 15 Steel used Underwater
Figure 16 Aluminium alloys
Figure 17 Titanium alloys

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Properties of materials used:
The materials used in underwater applications primarily should both be capable of withstanding
“stress cycles” due to the external pressure and resist to corrosive effects of seawater.
 Good resistance to corrosion
 High strength/weight ratio (the wall thickness should not be too large in order not to sink.)
 Good sound absorption qualities
 Material costs
 Fabrication properties (easiness of manufacturing.)
 Durability (operating life span of the material.)
To date, steel, aluminium, or titanium are used conventionally in the construction of pressure
vessel and “each material has advantages and disadvantages with respect to such factors as
corrosion resistance, fatigue, fracture resistance, ductility, and yield strength.
2.4 CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES:
The caissons and cofferdams are the techniques used for the construction of underwater
structures.
Caisson:
A caisson is a water-tight box like structure or a chamber, made of wood, steel, or concrete,
usually sunk by excavating within it, for the purpose of gaining access to the bed of a stream
and placing the foundations at a prescribed depth and which subsequently forms part of the
foundation itself. Caissons are adopted when the depth of water is great and the foundations
are to be laid under water. Caissons are generally built on the shore and launched into the river
floated to the site and sunk at the proper position.
Cofferdams:
In an engineering structure, such as a bridge pier, has to be built in an area covered with water,
e.g. in the middle of a river, the area where the work has to be done is surrounded by a
cofferdam. A cofferdam is well made of earth materials, of steel or timber sheet piling, or a
combination of various materials. Under actual working conditions, it is impossible to build a
impervious cofferdam and as such there is always some seepage though the cofferdam, and the
water has to be pumped out of the working area. Cofferdams are used to protect a working area
against a large influx of subsurface water.

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3. CASE STUDY:
 Ocean Spiral, Japan
 Gyre, Australia
 Lady Landfill Seascraper, Southern Chile
3.1. OCEAN SPIRAL
Ocean Spiral dotted over the ocean that
could survive extreme weather events
like earthquakes, which are fairly
common in Japan. Micro-organisms
called methanogens could be used to
convert carbon dioxide captured at the
surface into methane. Estimated cost of
the project is approximately $25 billion
and, if construction begins soon the first
could be completed by 2030. Each globe would be 1600 ft. in diameter and would have on
board hotels, residential area and commercial spaces.
THE OCEAN SPIRAL BASE CAMP
Blue Garden is a sphere measuring 500m in diameter that floats in the deep sea like a
spaceship.
This city is even safer and more comfortable than the land-based ones.
 A comfortable city with minimal temperature changes
Figure 18 Ocean Spiral
Figure 19 Base Camp-Ocean Spiral Figure 20 Green Concept Tower

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 A safe city unaffected by typhoons or earthquakes
 A healthy city with higher concentrations of oxygen than on the ground.
A NEW LIFESTYLE
In the Casual Zone facing the deep sea, people can experience and enjoy the deep sea, while
learning about and discussing its unique qualities.
Examples:
 Deep sea sightseeing tours
 Hands-on education on the deep sea
 Deep sea high-concentration oxygen
therapy
 Comfortable and safe places to live and
work
NEW BUSINESS MODELS
The Business Zone of the central tower incubates business models for new deep sea
industries. Examples:
 Deep sea resource industries
 Deep sea energy industries
 Deep sea tourism industries
 Advanced deep sea research facilities
INFRA SPIRAL
Integrating the functions required because of the deep sea
 Electricity: Power generation based on ocean
thermal energy conversion
 Food: Aquaculture using deep sea water
 Fresh water: Desalination using water pressure
 Transportation: Port (supply base) for deep sea
submersible probes
 Information: Deep sea monitoring facility
Figure 21 Lifestyle in Ocean Spiral
Figure 22 Central Tower comprising of Business Zone
Figure 23 Infra Spiral

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EARTH FACTORY:
Developing tomorrow’s advanced deep sea industries
based on today’s up-to-date deep sea research.
CO2: Storage and reuse of industrial carbon dioxide
emissions
Resources: Development and cultivation of deep sea
resources
TECHNOLOGY
Structural Design: Building a Submerged City of
Concrete, 500m in Diameter
 Strength Using a spherical shape to withstand water
pressure
 Concrete High-
strength resin concrete
 Reinforcement bars
Rustproof resin bars
 Environmental considerations Use of materials
recycled from PET beverage containers in the resin concrete
Exterior Wall Design: Tackling the Challenge of Building a Transparent Sphere with 360°
Panoramic Views of the Deep Sea
Figure 24 Earth Factory
Figure 25 Spherical concrete lattice shell of
500m in diameter
Figure 26 Using an internal tower to reinforce
the sphere’s shell
Figure 28 360° panoramic views of the deep
sea
Figure 27 Spherical shell with triangular acrylic plates
measuring 50m on each side

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 Strength Realized using triangular acrylic plates measuring 50m each a side
 Strength Reinforced using semi-transparent FRP ribs
 Cleaning Using microbubbles and other means to prevent the adhesion of marine life
 Joints Sealing against water, absorbing displacement etc.,
Indoor Environment Design: Challenge to Achieve the Comfortable Environment Making
the Best use of the Conditions of the Deep Sea.
1. Natural convection Using temperature differential between the sea water and air to ensure
the natural convection with comfortable and cool air
2. Dehumidification Using the cooling source of deep sea water to ensure comfortable
dehumidified air conditioning
3. Air conditioning Reusing chilled water after dehumidification to ensure comfortable radiant
air conditioning
4. Thermal insulation A comfortable environment due to the insulation effects of acrylic
plates (3m thick).
Construction Plans: Challenge to Achieve
Fully Automated Maritime Construction of the
Sphere. Early adoption of future technologies
3D printing construction method (Pouring resin
concrete, resin bars). Integrating proven
technologies. Automated vertical diversion of
large-scale concrete forms Jump-up method
Balanced cantilever Dywidag method.
Construction methods specific to maritime Figure 29 Construction techniques
Figure 30 Submersion of completed structure

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construction. All construction work undertaken at the sea surface (Submersion of completed
structure)
Operation and Maintenance Plans: Fail-safe Features and Maintenance. Control of vertical
movement: Super ballast balls filled with sand. Wave control: Floating seawall. Control of
everyday vibrations: Vibration-damping equipment
VARIATION Compatible with various sites and scales
Site Variations: The OCEAN SPIRAL Network, Connecting the World’s Seas
Candidate sites based on regional characteristics
Figure 31 Ocean Spiral construction method
Figure 34 Site Variations
Figure 33 Vibration Damping equipmentFigure 32 Floating seawall

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Coastal seas: Stimulating economy on remote islands in exclusive economic zones
Seas of island nations: Countering rising sea levels in Pacific island nations
Seas in desert regions: Comfortable deep sea living in the seas of the Middle East and Africa.
Scale Variations:
Figure 36 Sites based on regional characteristics
Figure 37 500-m diameter (city model)
Figure 35 Candidate sites based on sea floor topography

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In addition to the city-scaled 500-m diameter model, a more practical architectural-scale 200-
m diameter model is prepared.
SOLUTION
Earth regeneration by potentials of the deep sea
Figure 38 200-m diameter (architectural model)
Figure 39 Five basic elements

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3.2 CASE STUDY 2: GYRE, AUSTRALIA
The Gyre is an inverted underwater
skyscraper, from depth of 400 m. It would
be as tall as 1,312 ft. and would be about
the same height as the Empire State
Building in New York. The 212,000
square meters structure consists of
layering of concentric rings of different
sizes, ranging from 30,000 square meters
down to 600 square meters. It will harness
wind, wave and solar energy. Gyre is
meant to be a research station and an off
shore resort, replete with gardens, shops
and restaurants. Its shape is what is touted
to make it a sturdy structure that can
withstand ocean winds. Four arms extend
from the centre spire (1.25 kilometres in diameter). They keep the structure afloat and create a
harbour large enough to accommodate huge ships. Gyre’s power source is renewable energy,
with zero emissions. It has vertical wind turbines on top of the radial arms. Semi-transparent
solar windows glaze the entire structure. Solar panels also shade pedestrian walkways on top.
Underwater turbines generate power from water currents when anchored. Rainwater gets
collected in the central vortex into storage tanks at the spire’s bottom. It has been designed by
Victoria BC based firm Zigloo. For a gigantic concept such as this, one only wonders about
waste management if it gets functional.
Gyre creates a new class of Eco-
tourism by bringing scientists and
vacationers together to understand
what is the least known in our
environment, the ocean. As much as a
skyscraper is an economical method of
reducing humankind’s footprint on
land, Gyre goes a step further by
juxtaposing that footprint to the ocean
Figure 40 Gyre, Australia
Figure 41 Extended wings to afloat the structure

34. 34
and is perhaps its greenest feature. Its unique design permits the simultaneous application of
wind, solar, and tidal energy generation technologies thereby making it truly ‘off-grid’.
In addition to using vertical axis wind turbines, electrical energy is also collected by solar
means. Two applications of solar glazing are used: the first, a semi-transparent solar window
is used facing the open-air, inner vortex; the second, a glass with a printed array of solar cells
spaced to create partial shading, is used as a solar pergola or roof material. Furthermore,
underwater nacelle’s function both as tidal generators when the structure is anchored and as
thrusters for propulsion when Gyre is under way. The structure manages undersea pressures
and stresses by its shape. Rainwater is harvested in the inner vortex and gravity fed to the water
purification system at the base of the Gyre. Mechanical systems and emergency freshwater
storage basins are in the deepest portion of the structure.
The first two levels of the Gyre’s vortex are dedicated to circulation, community gatherings,
restaurants and commerce. Intermediate levels accommodate long-term residents, oceanic
experts, hotel guests and crew quarters totalling as many as 2000 people. The deepest levels
are dedicated to a scientific observatory for oceanographic research and an Interpretive Centre
for public discovery of the depths of the ocean.
Figure 42 Circulation between vortex and breakwater elements

35. 35
3.3 CASE STUDY 3: LADY LANDFILL SEASCRAPER
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a pile of plastic floating in the northern part of the Pacific
Ocean. The San Francisco Chronicle claims that the patch now weighs more than 3.5 million
tons, 80% of which is plastic waste that reaches more than thirty meters in depth. This area
of the Pacific Ocean is a relatively calm region that causes the accumulation of floating
garbage in big piles. Its removal will cost billions of dollars and no country claims
responsibility.
Figure 43 Design Concept- Lady Landfill Seascraper

36. 36
This proposal consists of a series of underwater scrapers, floating islands that will be used to
remove and recycle the garbage patch. These are self-sustained structures organized by
function hierarchy with four communication cores that connect three main programs –
collectors at the bottom, recycling plant in the middle levels, and housing and recreational
levels atop.
Considering that the size of the floating garbage island is constantly varying, the structural
organization of the skyscraper should reflect these variations. The main hole in the structure
would adjust the mass of the underwater skyscraper while keeping the volume constant.
Fluctuations in the amount of trash in the landfill (located in the lower part of the structure)
would be adjusted by adding or releasing water, so that the weight to volume ratio is
appropriate for floatation.
Figure 44 Cross sections

37. 37
Because most of the molecules found in the garbage have high energy, the waste will be
heated in the recycling chamber and converted into a gas that will be stored in massive battery
like structures.
Figure 46 Vertical Program
Figure 45 Garbage collecting units

38. 38
4. DESIGN OBJECTIVE
4.1 ENERGY FROM THE OCEAN
The Earth's oceans could one day provide enough energy to power homes and businesses.
Technologies have been developed to harness energy from tides, waves, temperature gradients,
ocean currents, ocean winds, and salinity gradients. The three most developed technologies
derive energy from tides, waves, and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and are
described below,
Energy from Tides
Tidal power is not a new concept, and has been used since the eleventh century in Great Britain
and France to turn water wheels. Presently, power is generated from tides in a manner similar
to hydroelectric power plants. A barrage
(dam) is built across an estuary. Gates
and turbines installed at regular intervals
along the barrage are opened when there
is significant difference in water
elevation on either side of the barrage.
Water flows through the turbines and
electricity is produced. This method can
Figure 47 Typical tidal power plant
Figure 48 Tidal power generation

39. 39
be used for water flowing both into and out of the estuary.
Although tidal power generation can offer some advantages, including reducing greenhouse
gas emissions by not using fossil fuels, there are some significant environmental disadvantages.
The construction of a tidal barrage in an estuary will change the tidal level in the basin. This
change will have a marked effect on the turbidity (cloudiness) of the water and sedimentation
within the basin, which in turn affects navigation and recreation. An altered tidal level will also
have an effect on the local marine food chain. However, because very few tidal barrages have
been built, little is understood about the full impact of tidal power systems on the local
environment and it is evident that its effects greatly depend on the local geography and marine
ecosystem.
Energy from Waves
Wave energy generation devices fall into two general classifications: fixed and floating. Fixed
generating devices, which are mounted
either to the seabed or shore, have some
significant advantages over floating
systems, particularly in the area of
maintenance. However, the number of
suitable sites available for fixed devices
is limited.
The Oscillating Water Column, a fixed
device built on shore, generates
electricity in a two-step process. As a wave enters and leaves the column, the water in the
column rises and falls, which in turn forces air
back and forth through a turbine at the top of
the column. This is a very simple device, but
it is difficult to build and anchor so that it is
able to withstand the roughest sea conditions
and yet generate a reasonable amount of
power from small waves. Much research is
occurring internationally to develop
oscillating water columns that require less
Figure 49 Pontoons floating on sea bed
Figure 50 Oscillating Water Column

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stringent siting conditions, including the OSPREY, and floating columns, such as the Japanese
Mighty Whale.
Floating-wave energy devices generate electricity through the harmonic motion of the floating
part of the device, and are extremely efficient. In these systems, electricity is generated through
the rise and fall of the waves. Examples of fixed devices include the Salter Duck, Clam, and
Archimedes wave swing.
Energy from Temperature
Figure 51 Wave power
Figure 52 Ocean Thermal Energy Diagram

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Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) utilizes the temperature difference between the
warm surface sea water and cold deep ocean water to generate electricity. As long as a
sufficient temperature difference (20°C or 68°F) exists between the warm upper layer of water
and the cold deep water, net power can be generated.
There are three types of OTEC processes: closed-cycle, open-cycle, and hybrid-cycle. In the
closed-cycle system, heat transferred from the warm surface sea water causes a "working fluid"
(such as ammonia, which boils at a
temperature of about 25°C, or 78°F,
at atmospheric pressure) to turn to
vapor. The expanding vapor drives a
turbine attached to a generator that
produces electricity. The working
fluid passes through a condenser and
turns back into a liquid that is then
recycled through the system.
Open-cycle OTEC uses the warm
surface water itself as the working fluid.
The water vaporizes in a near vacuum
at surface water temperatures. The
expanding water vapor drives a
turbine attached to a generator and
produces electricity. The water vapor,
which has lost its salt and is almost
pure fresh water, is condensed back
into a liquid by exposure to cold
temperatures from deep-ocean water.
If the condenser keeps the vapor from
direct contact with sea water, the
condensed water can be used for
drinking water, irrigation or aquaculture. A direct contact condenser produces more electricity,
but the vapor is mixed with cold sea water and the discharge water is salty and is returned to
the ocean. The process is repeated with a continuous supply of warm surface sea water. Hybrid
Figure 53 Block diagram of all applications from OTECT
Figure 54 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

42. 42
systems use parts of both open-cycle and closed-cycle systems to optimize production of
electricity and fresh water.
Aside from the generation of electricity, it has been proposed that OTEC plants assist ocean-
based industries, such as aquaculture, refrigeration and air conditioning, desalinated water crop
irrigation and consumption, as well as mineral extraction through the use of the fresh and
chilled water by-products.
4.2 UNDERWATER MINING
Interest has been growing over the last 10–15 years in exploitation of mineral resources in the
deep sea. These are extensive or highly concentrated deposits typically found offshore at depths
over 200 m. There are 4 main types of resource that are of current commercial potential.
Mining operations. There is not yet any commercial mining activity in the deep sea, and
specific operations for each resource type are not definite. The sorts of equipment and methods
will differ between the mineral deposits, and also between mining companies. Phosphorite and
manganese nodules are likely to be dredged off the seafloor, whereas SMS and cobalt crust
extraction involve more rock-cutting technology. In general there are three key components to
deep-sea mining operations, irrespective of the mineral.
Seafloor operations: Extracting the minerals from the seafloor will involve dredging or cutting
the resource. This is where large mining machines will move around on the seafloor.
Midwater transport: Dredged or cut material is transported from the seafloor to the surface.
This can be as a slurry in riser pipes, or closed bucket-type conveyor systems.
Figure 55 Mining Deposits

43. 43
Surface processing: The mined material will be sorted and dewatered on the surface vessel.
For all types of seabed mining, the filtered wastes and seawater will be returned to the water
column-somewhere between the surface and the seafloor.
MINING IMPACTS
There is a wide range of potential environmental impacts from any mining operation. Some of
the main ones include:
Surface Increased vessel activities and potential pollution and collisions (includes risks
associated with extreme weather events). Changes in primary production through shading by,
or nutrient levels in, discharges (if near-surface discharges occur in photic zone). Effects on
behaviour of surface marine mammals, fish and birds through changes in water composition or
clarity, and lighting/ noise from vessel activity.
Figure 56 Extraction of ores from sea bed

44. 44
Water column Sediment plume through water column. Depending on discharge depth -
potential oxygen depletion - nutrient and trace metal enrichment - change in ocean pH. Effects
on deep-diving marine mammals and fish behaviour, from the plume and noise •
Bioaccumulation of toxic metals though the food chain to higher predators. Toxic effects in
early life stages (embryos, larvae, juveniles). Plankton/mesopelagic fish mortality and
behavioural avoidance of contaminants (e.g., high turbidity, chemically enriched plumes)
Seafloor Benthic organism mortality from direct physical impact of mining gear
Smothering/burying of animals by deposited sediment. Change in seafloor sediment
characteristics post mining (e.g., removal of large particulate material suitable for sessile
species and settling of larvae and colonisation). Clogging of suspension feeder’s feeding
structures. Toxic effects with metal release (and other contaminants), and accumulation
through the food chain The nature and extent of such impacts are uncertain and need to be
evaluated on a case by case basis for each mineral resource type and local conditions where
mining is planned.
4.3 MONITORING SEISMIC ACTIVITIES
Active volcanism has long been known on the ocean floor: apart from providing the mechanism
for sea-floor spreading and the formation of new oceanic crust, it is involved in the subduction
process near oceanic trenches, and also at mid-plate locations where, given sufficient activity,
it can result in the formation of substantial seamounts or even island chains. Quantitative
estimates of this latter form of volcanism have recently been revised upwards following such
investigations as BATIZA'S (1982) and the statistical work of JORDAN et al. (1983).
However, these estimates have been based entirely on studies of the product of volcanic
episodes, namely the morphology of seamounts, as opposed to the direct observation of
ongoing volcanic eruptions, as is the case for subaerial volcanoes. As a result, very little is
known regarding the present level of volcanic activity in vast areas of the oceanic basins, such
as most of the Pacific Ocean.

45. 45
4.4 MOVABILITY
Movability is an essential aspect to aqua city. It is required so the city can move away from a
sudden disaster or travel over the seas for any other reasons. The self-propelled option is not
cost effective, if the city moved only once in ten years or less, also the disassembly option is
not viable since it would take too much time to disassemble. The best feasible options, until
now, are moving the floating district by semi-submersible ships or towing the floating district
away. Both ways can be used to move large and small structures.
4.5 SAFETY:
Securing the safety of the city and its citizens is a major aspect that can have an enormous
influence on the design decisions. Safety measures are divided into two parts; first the ability
of the city’s structure to survive severe sea conditions in both a protected bay and/or on the
high seas. Secondly, the survival of its citizens at ordinary conditions or at times of a disaster.
Thus, the safety measures in an aqua city must consider avoiding extreme consequences such
as property damage, fatalities or environmental damage. Property damage may occur as a result
of a small structural damage, as for fatalities it can occur due to major structural failures such
as capsizing, sinking, global structural failure or drift-off. These disasters are mainly a result
of environmental hazards such as large waves, storms, or hurricanes. Therefore, it is important
for the city to be able to move fast enough to avoid the disaster, with a study of the wind and
climate. Another important safety requirement, related to personnel safety, is conducting
evacuation and rescue plans. An effective safety plan must provide a safe place for citizens to
survive on board before safe escape can take place, in addition to a broad risk analysis approach
with multiple possible accident scenarios. It is equally important to the safety of the citizens to
provide a reliable stable structure for the city and a living environment where citizens can live
and enjoy their life safely. This could mean assuring that underwater residence is running
smoothly through observing life support systems, air composition levels, temperature and
humidity from above at the surface, and pressures.

46. 46
4.6 COSTS, STRUCTURE & ECONOMICS
According to some people, aqua city technology is not expensive and can be afforded by most
countries of the world. However, to the majority, the costs of engineering some designs, that
can withstand the ocean's elements; wind, waves and corrosive seawater and at the same time
remain comfortable enough to live on permanently in sea, are high Until now, there are two
types of huge floating structures (VLFSs) that are being used; the semisubmersible-type and
the pontoon-type. The semi-submersible type is raised above the water surface using ballast
structural elements or column tubes, in addition to using breakwaters which makes it suitable
to deploy in high seas and open-ocean with its large waves. However, according to Delta Sync,
the costs of a breakwater are very expensive. Floating oil drilling platforms are great examples
of semi-submersible-type. On the other hand, pontoon-type lies on the water surface like a huge
plate floating on sea. Pontoon-type floating systems are suitable for use in only calm, shallow
waters near the shoreline, which makes it less expensive to engineer compared with structures
engineered for the open ocean. Moreover, some architects consider it best to create the city
using small structures that could be added or taken away to develop a living space for as many
citizens as needed. This can help in the resiliency of the city especially to accommodate the
growing population. However, constructing the city in this way using small structures provides
less stability in harsh waters, and requires extra engineering requirements for moorings and
connections. On the other hand, larger platforms are certainly more stable, but more expensive
due to the need to brace it by a taller costly internal structure.
4.7 ADVANTAGES:
An Aqua City has many advantages. As urban development grows in land-scarce countries or
countries with long coastlines, resorting to aqua city to decrease the existing load on heavily-
used land is the best solution, since it creates additional spaces for new cities to ease the over-
population. Furthermore, living in water is a reasonable solution to the dilemma of
environmental collapse since to some experts, it will be less expensive and easier to accomplish
than building in space. Aqua city also provides a testing ground for new water, energy and
floating technology solutions.It provides freshwater produced using condensation of
precipitation or desalinization and energy developed from sunlight by using solar panels and
from wind by using wind turbines. In addition, its design can allow it the flexibility to move
around the world as submarines or ships or position itself offshore as a fixed structure,

47. 47
providing movability, dynamic geography, water experience and sea keeping. The city that will
be constructed offshore or in bays will be easier for its citizens to travel to and from the existing
land-city and acquire goods and services when needed. Moreover, fresh seafood is easy to
deliver from the bottom of the ocean. However, most of the aqua cities are self-sufficient and
can also use the Blue Revolution technology which allows for remediating the environment
and high technology food production ways. Finally, one of the main advantages of an aqua city
is being a smart, sustainable, liveable and resilient city.
4.8 DISADVANTAGES:
One of Aqua City greatest challenges is transnational law since it can support populations large
enough to create a new state in itself. In addition, crucial needs such as emergency evacuation
systems and environmental controls, used for air supply and humidity, use technological
advances that will need high maintenance and observation to avoid their failure. Also cooking
underwater, although possible, will be prevented because of the smell it produces, since fumes
are felt stronger in static air, unless special technology is found to contradict its effect. Other
factors that present challenges are mooring, wave breaking, comfort and costs of the city, which
depend greatly on the sea depth, the large waves, tides, winds and storms. The city must also
be guarded against disasters especially hurricanes, since if not protected well it can lead to total
loss of the city. In addition, a submersed city will face another challenges such as scalding
volcanic fluids, ravaging storms and bone-crushing pressures. Thus, it is most likely to build
no deeper than 1,000ft (300m), since the pressures at such depths will require building very
thick walls in addition to excessive periods of decompression for citizens who needs to return
to the surface. However, currently, people who stay in laboratories under the water did not
experience any ill effects from staying below the surface for around 60 days. It is believed that
living up to six months would be feasible. Finally, one of the main disadvantages of an aqua
city is the high costs of some of its visions.

48. 48
5. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS :
The dissertation tries to provide a visionary, innovative and revolutionary answer to the
expected rise in sea level due to global warming that led to the sinking of the cities in the sea
and the scarce in lands to accommodate the growing populations in some countries. In hope
that it will cause a debate that leads to a deeper awareness and professional interest in aqua
cities between academics and architects, apart from science fiction writers and utopian
dreamers. Hence, if the cities should truly be flooded by oceans, people will survive in aqua
cities, a city that can travel on all oceans from the equator to the polar-regions in high seas, or
stand still on calm offshore water. Unlike what many architects think, an aqua city has many
more advantages than its disadvantages. In addition, by using various case studies, an aqua city
proved that it can sustain a better way of living by being a sustainable, liveable and resilient
city through being a smart one; the four main aspects required achieving while developing any
successful city. Certainly there are many fields in which architects have to work upon stating,
natural lighting, ventilation etc., that governs the functionality of underwater structures.
Additional important aspects that were discussed in relation to an aqua city to prove its
applicability are; costs, structure, economics, movability, materials and safety. Finally,
although an aqua city might seem now, in some way, ahead of its time, demonstrating a vision
of the future that is thought by some likely to be impossible, it can be very applicable and much
needed at the near future.

49. 49
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