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- 3. 02 03 01 Topics 3 • Definitionofdivideand rule • TheBritishGameof divideandrule • ThePartitionofBengal 05 06 04 • Separateelectorates • Formationof Muslimleague • QuitIndiaMovement 07 • Birthof twonation
- 4. • Definitionof divideandrule 4 Divideandruleisapolicywhichisintendedtokeepsomeoneina positionof powerbycausingdisagreementsbetweenpeoplewhomight otherwiseuniteagainstthem. Elementsofthistechniqueinvolve: 1.encouragingdivisions amongthe subjectsto preventrevoltthatcould challengethesovereign 2.creatingturmoiland enmity betweenlocalrulers 3.encouragingmeaningless expendituresthat reducethe capability forpoliticalandmilitary spending
- 6. The BritishGame(DivideandruleinBritishIndia) • In1857,the'GreatMutiny'brokeoutinwhichtheHindusandMuslimsjointlyfoughtagainstthe British.ThisshockedtheBritishgovernmentsomuchthataftersuppressingtheMutiny,theydecided tostartthepolicyofdivideandrule 6 TheBritishbelievedinthe policyof'DivideandRule' becauseit iseasierto control peoplewhentheyaredivided andarenotunited
- 7. • HowdidtheBritishimplementthispolicy? 7 a. Bystrengthening castedifferences b. Reformationofpolitical institution c. Controllinglocalrulers d. PartitionofBengal e. Separateelectorates f. Division ofmilitaryrankonthereligionbasis g. Creationofcommunitybasedpoliticalfranchise
- 9. The Partitionof Bengal 9 • ThefirstPartition ofBengal(1905)wasa reorganizationof theBengal implemented by theauthorities of theBritishRaj.The reorganizationseparated thelargely Muslim eastern areasfromthelargely Hinduwestern areas. • Announcedon19 July1905byLordCurzon
- 10. 10 • Duringtheearly1900’sBengalwasthe centerof freedomstruggle.Sotomake freedomstruggleweakBritishersdecided todivideBengalbasedonreligion basis.MajorityMuslimpopulatedeastern areabecameeastBengalandHindu majorityareaofwestbecamethewest bengalin1905.Thisistheverygood exampleofhowtheyimplementedthe divideandrulepolicy • Manywereoutragedastheyrealizeditto bedivideandrulepolicy
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- 12. Didtheimperialofficialslaunch slaevagyagainstHinduand Muslimonlywhataboutthe subcommunalpeople? Thesubcommunalpeoples arealsobeenpartedbyimperialofficials. Evidences- • Destroying fraternity amongshiaandsunnisinlucknow • Promotingcastesystem amongHindus( dalitsneglected by bhrammans) 12
- 13. • launching parmanentsettlement actwhich constituted hegemony over peasants andland labourcommunityandcreatehostile feeling towards zamidarsormiddlemans. • antagonizingleaseholders againstchakmas imposingexcessive taxation thatfaillout as Chakmasrevolt. 13
- 14. SeparateElectorates • Itwasameasuredeliberately introducedbytheforeign rulersto dividethe people. • .Itdivides thenationandcausesbloodshed asone communityturnsagainsttheother. • TheIndianCouncils Act1909One ofthe importantprovision ofthisactwasthatitintroducedseparate electorates for theMuslims 14
- 15. • Britainplayedaleapbetween theMuslimsandHindusdependingonwhichcommunity hadtheupperhand.Intheearly20th centurycamethe"separate electorates" where a Hinduwouldelect aHindupolitician,aMuslimwouldelectaMuslimpolitician.Theidea that"India"wasnot "onenation",asthough nationshaveto besome homogeneous singleethnicgroups • ThiswaspartofBritain’sDivideandrulepolicy;thatlaterfueled partitionof india 15
- 17. • TheMuslimLeaguewasfoundedin1906tosafeguardtherightsofIndianMuslims • theleague wasencouraged bytheBritishandwasgenerally favourable totheirrule • Britishessentially encouraged,lobbied forandhelped financethe creationofthe MuslimLeagueasarivalbodyto alarmingcongressdeliberately inordertodivideand spread theBengal partition • Theleaguewanted aseparate nationforIndia’sMuslimsbecauseit feared thatan independentIndiawouldbedominatedbyHindus. • JinnahandtheMuslimLeagueledthestruggle forthepartitionofBritishIndiainto separate HinduandMuslimstates 17
- 19. • causeof theQuitIndiamovement wasthecollapse of Cripps Mission • TheQuitIndiaMovement, alsoknownwasamovement launchedatthe session of theAllIndiaCongress Committee duringWorld WarII,demandinganend to BritishruleinIndia. • QuitIndiaMovement wasthe mostradicalized Gandhian movement againstBritishers 19
- 20. • The Quit India movement was launched by Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhito expel the Britishers from India • Impact of the Quit India Movement was that it made the British taste the power of the Indian masses. The British understood that they can’t stay long in India.But Muslims stayed away from the movement as the League wanted the British to leave the country onlyafter partitioning. 20
- 21. Birthoftwonation(creatingPakistan) TheBritishdismayedbytheLeague’sinabilitytowinamajorityof Muslimseats anywhere,diminishingthestrengthof divideet impera,welcomedthe opportunity to assumethe powerthey hadpartlyceded,andtohelped the Leagueasalternativeto the IndianNationalCongress inthe process. 21
- 22. • Thedivision ofHindusandMuslimsoccurredduringjustadecadesofthetwentieth century; bythemiddleofthe centuryitwasso completethatmanyonbothsides believed thatitwasimpossiblefor adherentsof thetworeligionstolive together peacefully. • After theSecond WorldWar,Britainsimplynolongerhadtheresources withwhichto controlitsgreatest imperialasset • Britain’sexit fromIndiawasclumsyandImrovised;That ledtwonations intodisarray 22
- 23. 23 Radcliffline • CyrilRadcliffdrawna boundarybetween IndianandPakistani portionofBengaland Punjab • The task of dividing thetwo nations was assigned to Sir Cyril Radcliffe, a lawyerwho hadneverbeen to India before and knew nothing of its history, society or traditions. Radcliffe drewup his maps in forty days, dividing provinces, districts, villages,homes andhearts— andpromptly scuttled home to Britain, neverto return to India. ‘The British Empire did not decline,it simply fell’, - Alex von Tunzelmann
- 24. AretheeffectsofBritish‘Divideet impera’seeninIndiastilltoday? • Ifwe takealookonthe picturesbelow wecanassume the answer: 24