A presentation by Prof. James Kahindi and Dr. Sheila Okoth

1. 5/27/2010
OBJECTIVES
Evaluation of bio‐inoculants on germination of maize and
bean seeds
Assessment of effectiveness of bio pesticides in
Assessment of effectiveness of bio‐pesticides in
controlling soil borne diseases
Okoth S. A., Karanja N. K., Kahindi, J.H.P.,
Jefwa, J., Kimenju J. and Wachira P. Assessment of the interactions of the bio‐inoculants and
other soil ISFM
ACTIVITIES EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
DEMONSTRATIONS
The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete
Demonstration plots = 4 on‐farm
Design (RCD) replicated 5 times as shown below:
1. Trichoderma harzianum
1 Ti h d h i
EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS
2. Bacillus subtilis
Experimental plots = 12 Test strips on‐farm and at the two 3. Mycorrhizae (AMF)
Farmers Training Centers (ATC) 4. TSP&CAN
5. Control
6. Mavuno (composite fertilizer)
7. Manure (Cow manure)
In a Maize X Bean cropping system
Trials at the ATC under different
ISFM Inputs management practices
Demonstration strip
5kg per plot of manure Mavuno
5 kg mavuno fertilizer
Farmer practice : TSP 4.5 kg/plot and 3.9kg/plot CAN Control
Mijingu phosphate rock (4kg/plot and CAN 0.4 kg/plot )
Experimental (ATC and on farm)
Manure (9 kg /plot)
Mavuno fertilizer (0.9kg/plot)
Farmer practice (TSP 0.8 kg and 0.5kg CAN)
AMF (Seed coating)
Trichoderma (Seed coating)
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2. 5/27/2010
Test crops
Maize H516 : spacing 90 x 30
Beans variety Mwezi Moja: spacing:75 X 25 cm
Sampling stages RESULTS
Baseline (soil only)
Germination
Bean Flowering
Bean Podding
Harvest
Table 1: Effect of Trichoderma and soil amendment on bean root
PROMOTION OF SEED GERMINATION AND growth
SEEDLING GROWTH BY FUNGAL INOCULUM Collar Diameter (mm)
Length (mm)
Std. Error of
Treatment # Mean Mean Mean (mm) Std. Error of Mean
Control 53 0.1121 A* 0.00108 9.493 A* 0.1469
• Plots treated with TSP and CAN + Trichoderma recorded Manure 53 0.1161 ABC 0.00131 9.656 AB 0.1692
the largest maize root and stem diameter and stem length Manure + Trichoderma 41 0.1204 ABCD 0.00215 9.874 AB 0.2012
followed by TSP and Mavuno+ Trichoderma fertilizers Mavuno 54 0.1230 BC 0.00167 10.237 AB 0.1303
• Plots treated with TSP and CAN recorded the highest
Plots treated with TSP and CAN recorded the highest
Mavuno + Trichoderma 47 0.1237 CD 0.00253 10.366 B 0.2401
values of bean root size and stem diameter.
• Combination treatments of fertilizer with Trichoderma Trichoderma 45 0.1145 AB 0.00146 9.854 AB 0.1641
performed better than single fertilizer or inoculum TSP+CAN 51 0.1292 D 0.00263 10.462 B 0.1952
application with both maize and beans TSP+CAN + Trichoderma 17 0.1239 CD 0.00374 10.083 AB 0.3100
Total 361 0.1200 0.00076 9.995 0.0677
*Figures followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test
Table 2. Effect of soil amendment on frequency of isolation of
Fusarium spp. from soil and root seedlings
Total frequency of isolation
Treatment Soil Roots No. of species
Control 17 28 10
TSP + CAN 14 24 10
Manure 21 24 14
Mavuno 13 31 9
Mijingu + CAN 1 3 3
Tr
Tr/Mv Manure + Trichoderma 8 17 9
Mavuno + Trichoderma 15 29 9
Trichoderma 21 36 18
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3. 5/27/2010
Table 3. Effects of ISFM Treatments on Fusarium Density and Root Table 4. Influence of crop type and farm treatment on
Infection Fusarium density in soil and roots
Treatment Fusarium inoculum Fusarium incidence
density (CFU) per 10g of in roots Treatment Root infection incidence (Mean) Soil inoculum density (MeanCFU/10g)
soil (Mean of frequency)
4895 ± 781 78.33 ± 3.10
Bean Maize Bean Maize
Control
Control 97.0 84.9 4457 5114
TSP+CAN 7662 ± 972 77.05 ± 3.08 TSP + CAN 72.9 79.1 6914 8036
Manure 1195.2 ± 401.1 82.05 ± 2.99 Manure 86.1 80.0 1586 1000
Mavuno 3500 ± 481 76.33 ± 3.64 Mavuno 74.3 77.4 2114 4193
Mijingu + CAN 60.0 100.0 400 767
Mijingu + CAN 675 ± 92.1
92 1 90.00 ± 6.55
90 00 6 55 Manure + Trichoderma 71.7 81.8 5317 4700
Manure + 4918 ± 1008 78.24 ± 3.44 Mavuno + Trichoderma 76.7 76.5 3450 3973
Trichoderma Trichoderma 80.0 77.5 1203 909
Mavuno + 3788 ± 671 76.59 ± 2.85 Crop P - value 0.721** 0.4341**
Trichoderma Crop X Treatment P - value 0.016* <.001*
Trichoderma seed 1012.9 ± 318.8 89.18 ± 2.42 • Effect of Trichoderma is seen in germination and early root development and
coat has potential to use under intensive agriculture (green houses) – i.e in drought
P - value <0.001** 0.052* prone areas
• As a seed coat the efficacy of the bio‐control does not stay for long. It is
• Mij+CAN controls/suppresses density of Fusarium inoculum recommended that it should be applied in irrigation water or hydroponics
• Trichoderma and manure lowers density
Fig. 1. Effect of soil fertility
Fig 2: Influence of soil fertility management
practices on plant parasitic and practices on non‐parasitic nematodes
non‐parasitic nematodes
600
40
500
bers/200cm3
35
Nematode numbers/200 3 soil
400
30
0cm
Nematode numb
25 300
Meloidogyne
20
Pratylenchus
200
15
10 100
5
0
0 Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus Control Manure Mavuno
Bacillus Bacillus Bacillus Control Manure Mavuno subtilis + subtilis subtils +
subtilis subtilis + subtils + Manure Mavuno
Manure Mavuno
Fig. 3. Effect of selected soil fertility management practices on EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND
(a) galling of bean on station and, (b) on farmers fields MICROBIAL INOCULATION AS A MEANS OF
AUGMENTING THE POPULATION OF BENEFICIAL SOIL
6 5 a
FUNGI
a 4
ling index
4 b
G allin g In d e x
b b 3
bc bc b b
bc b
2 c 2 b b 1. Chicken manure influenced positively the
p y
Gall
1 population of beneficial nematodes while at
0 0 the same time suppressing nematodes
BS BS+ BS+ Manure Mavuno Control
manure mavuno pathogenic to plants as shown in Fig.4. below:
lsd=1.39 S.e=0.697
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4. 5/27/2010
Fig.4. Influence of organic amendments on Fig.5. Effect of organic amendments on
structure of nematode communities in the soil occurrence of nematode destroying fungi
450
2. 60 % of all the isolated nematode destroying fungi occurred
in the plots treated with cow manure
400
N em ato d e n um br e s /1 00 c m s o il
350
3
300
Bacterivores
/
250 Fungivores
200 Phytonematodes
Predators
150
100
50
0
Chicken manure Chicken+cow manure Cow manure control
Mean percentage colonization of napier and tomato Table.5. Effect of selected soil fertility management
roots by AMF and Trichoderma bio‐inoculants practices on bean yield in Embu
3. Mean percentage colonization of napier and tomato
roots by AMF and Trichoderma bio‐inoculants was high 4. Increased bean yield was observed in plots inoculated with
in plots where AMF was added together with Bacillus subtilis with addition of organic amendments
Trichoderma or with fertilizer
Plant Treatments Percentage
colonization Treatment Kg/ha
Napier AMF 38.7a Bacillus subtillis 698
P52+AMF 41.8b Bacillus subtillis +Manure
Manure 1067
AMF+DAP-F 37.9a
Entry point appressorium P52+AMF+DAP-F 41.5b Bacillus subtillis +Mavuno 820
Tomato AMF 49.19a Bacillus subtillis + TSP+CAN 580
P52+AMF 58.44b
TSP+CAN 468
AMF+DAP-F Infection points
P52+AMF+DAP-F Infection points Manure 550
Tea AMF Infection points Mavuno 515
P52+AMF Infection points Control 183
AMF+DAP-F Infection points
P52+AMF+DAP-F Infection points
LSD 199.6
Vesicle
CONCLUSION
• Organic amendments enhance build up of free‐living
CONCLUSION CONT’D
nematodes, and populations of antagonistic organisms
such as Bacillus, Trichoderma and beneficial • Some inorganic fertilizers (TSP+CAN) promote growth
Mycorrhizae and Nematophagous fungi of Fusarium spp. in soil while others inhibit
(Mijingu+CAN)
• Application of inorganic fertilizer could be modifying
A li i fi i f ili ld b dif i
the environment in favor of Fusarium. • Bio‐inoculants work best when inoculated together
with organic fertilizers.
• Crop type is important when choosing a disease
management strategy since the interaction between
the cropping system and the microbes will influence • Bio‐inoculants have potential for use as bio‐fertilizers
the occurrence and abundance of the latter. and as a bio‐pesticides in precision agriculture
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