A presentation by Dr. Joko Prasetyo

1. 5/27/2010
Introduction
Eco‐friendly Measures to Control WHITE ROOT DISEASE in
RUBBER PLANTATIONS
White Root Disease of Rubber (Rigidoporus lignosus )
in Lampung, Indonesia ECONOMIC LOSS: RP 2 .1 x 10 9
( ~ $210 x 10 6 ) PER YEAR
ECOLOGICAL LOSS : 3 – 15 % PLANT
DEATHS.
SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’
By IGNORANT TO THE DISEASE.
Joko Prasetyo , Subli Mujim, Titik Nur Aeny And EXPENSIVE TECHNOLOGY TO
CONTROL THE DISEASE IS
Radix Suharjo EXPENSIVE (MECHANICAL UP‐
Department of Plant Protection, ROOTING).
R. lignosus
Universitas Lampung, Indonesia EFFECTIVE, CHEAPER, AND ECO‐
FRIENDLY MEASURES ARE NEEDED
FOR FARMERS.
POTENTIAL MEASURES
TO CONTROL WHITE ROOT DISEASE THE ANTAGONISTIC PLANTS
1) ANTAGONISTIC PLANTS
2) TRICHODERMA SPP.
3) ORGANIC MATTER
4) NATURAL SULPHUR
4) NATURAL SULPHUR
5) LIME
ALL THE MEASURES ARE RECOMMENDED, BUT ONLY
Maranta arundinacea. Alpinia galanga. Sansevieria auranthii
#1, #2, #3 (ESPECIALLY #1) ARE CONSIDERED (Zingiberales: (Zingiberales: (Liliales:
ECO‐FRIENDLY TO SMALL‐HOLDER FARMERS. Maranataceae) Zingiberaceae) Agavaceae)
THE 1st EXPERIMENT‐FIELD DEMO
OBJECTIVES
• TREATMENTS:
1) TO SHOW THE EFFICACY OF RECOMMENDED CONTROL ‐ antagonistic plants (Marantha, Alpinia, Sansevieria)
MEASURES AGAINST THE WHITE ROOT DISEASE OF ‐ Trichoderma
‐ organic matter (litter)
RUBBER.
‐ natural sulphur
2) TO SHOW WETHER ANTAGONISTIC PLANTS CAN
) ‐ lime
CONSERVE SOIL FUNGAL DIVERSITY AND BUNDANCE. ‐ control
• DESIGNS: RCBD with 3 replicates.
• OBSERVATIONS:
‐ white root incidence on indicator plants
‐ the abundance of soil mcrobes (AMF, common
soil fungi, and nematodes )
1

2. 5/27/2010
THE 2nd EXPERIMENT- FIELD DEMO THE 3rd EXPERIMENT - LAB
TREATMENTS:
TREATMENTS: ‐ Trichoderma sp1(K1)
- Antagonistic plants (Maranta, Alpinia, Sansevieria) ‐ Trichoderma sp2 (K2)
- control 1 (indicator host plants: cassava) ‐ Other fungi (K3)
- control 2 (host plants: rubber) ‐ T koningii
T. koningii
DESIGN: RCBD with 5 replicates
‐ T. harzianum
‐ T. hamatum
OBSERVATION:
DESIGN: CRD with 5 replicates.
- diversity and abundance of soil fungi
OBSERVATION: % growth inhibition of R. lignosus.
THE 4th EXPERIMENT – LAB FOOD POISONING TECHNIQUE
(Food Poisoned Techniques)
TREATMENTS:
‐ Marantha root exudates
‐ Alpinia root exudates
‐ Sansevieria root exudates
‐ Control (sterile water) Root Exudates
DESIGN: CRD with 5 replicates.
OBSERVATION: R. Lignosus colony diameter (3, 6 d)
R. lignosus diameter
Overnight collection of root exudates
from antagonistic plants
RESULTS Tabel 1. White root incidence in indicator
plants (cassava) under various treatments
ANTAGONISTIC PLANTS , WHITE ROOT INCIDENCE
TREATMENTS OF INDICATOR PLANTS (%)
TRICHODERMA SPP. , AND
NATURAL SULPHUR
SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED CONTROL 18.7a
WHITE ROOT INCIDENCE LIME 12.7ab
ORGANIC MATTER
ORGANIC MATTER 10.0 abc
10 0 b
COMPARED with CONTROL.
Sansevieria 8.0 bc
Alpinia 4.7 bc
EFFECTS OF ANTAGONISTIC TRICHODERMA SPP. 3.3 bc
PLANTS WERE COMPARABLE TO NATURAL SULPHUR 2.7bc
TRICHODERMA SPP. AND Marantha 1.0 c
NATURAL SULPHUR
LSD test at α=0.05
2

3. 5/27/2010
FUNGAL ABUNDANCE AND WHITE ROOT INCIDENCE
UNDER VARIOUS CONTROL MEASURES
Table 2. Diversity and abundance of soil fungi
100.0
MYCORRHIZAE SOIL FUNGI WHITE ROOT
20 in various rhizospheres
White Root Incidence (%)
80.0 16
Population of soil fungi
60.0 12 Treatments NUMBER ABUNDANCE OF ABUNDANCE OF ABUNDANCE OF
(rhizospheres) OF F. GENERA PENICILLIUM ASPERGILLUS TRICHODERMA
s
40.0 8
CASSAVA 6.2 a 11400 a 3889 a 3258 a
20.0 4 BARE SOIL 6.2 a 7000 b 4008 a 1196 b
RUBBER 5.2 a 1800 cd 1628 abc 1157 b
0.0 0
MARANTA 4.8 a 4400 bc 3440 ab 980 b
SANSEVIERIA 3.2 b 0 d 836 c 778 b
ALPINIA 2.2 b 200 d 883 c 500 b
White root control measures
LSD test at α=0.05
ABUNDANCE OF ANTAGONISTIC PENICILLIUM, ASPERGILLUS, AND TRICHODERMA
UNDER VARIOUS TREATMENTS
RESULTS OF THE
ANTAGONISM TEST Table 3 Inhibition of some fungi against R.
lignosus
12000
PENICILLIUM ASPERGILLUS TRICHODERMA
ndance (cfu/g soil)
10000 Treatment Inhibition (%)
The inhibition
8000 T. koningii 67.00 a
capacities of K1 T. harzianum 51.25 bc
6000
and K2 against R. T. hamatum 44.50 c
4000
lignosus were
li K1 (T sp1)
(T. 63.75
63 75 ab
Abun
K2 (T. sp2) 58.00 ab
2000
comparable to T. K3 (other fungi) 16.75 d
0 koningii LSD test at α=0.05
Plant rhizospheres
Table 5. Effects of plant root exudates on the colony
diameter of R. lignosus at 6 days observation
Table 4 Effect of plant root exudates on
Root exudates of the
colony diameter of R. lignosus at 3 days
antagonistic plants significantly Colony Diameter (cm)
observation Treatments
decreased the colony diameter of of R. lignosus
R. lignosus. Colony Ex. Maranta 3.58 c
Treatments diameter of Ex. Sansevieria 4.98 b
R. lignosus (cm) Ex. Alpinia 4.72 c
Control 6.47 a
6.47 a
Ex. Maranta
E M t 2.83 ab
2 83 b
Ex. Sansevieria 2.68 b LSD test at α=0.05
Ex. Alpinia 2.64 b
Control 3.10 a
LSD test at α=0.05
Sansevieria Maranta Alpinia
3

4. 5/27/2010
SUGGESTED SUPPRESSION MECHANISM OF
ANTAGONISTIC PLANTS AGAINST R. LIGNOSUS
CONCLUSIONS
ALPINIA SANSEVIERIA • Planting antagonistic plants (Alpinia, Maranta, or Sansevieria) significantly
direct decreased white root incidence, their effects were comparable with that
of Trichoderma spp. and natural sulphur.
• B t l ti S
But planting Sansevieria or Alpinia significantly decreased the abundance
i i Al i i i ifi tl d d th b d
R.
of antagonistic fungi (Penicillium and Aspergillus).
LIGNOSUS
MARANTA
• Application of Trichoderma spp., directly from cultures or indirectly
through planting Maranta, effectively suppressed R. lignosus in vitro and
in planta.
indirect
ANTAGONISTIC
MICROBES
Thank You
Thank Yo
CULTURE CONTAINING ALPINIA ROOT EXUDATE CULTURE CONTAINING SANSEVIERIA ROOT EXUDATE
CONSISTANTLY DOMINATED BY ASPERGILLUS AND ALSO CONSISTANTLY DOMINATED BY ASPERGILLUS
PENICILLIUM AND PENICILLIUM
4

5. 5/27/2010
CULTURE CONTAINING MARANTHA ROOT EXUDATE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN pH
CONSISTANTLY DOMINATED BY TRICHODERMA AND
AND DIVERSITY SOIL FUNGI
BACTERIA
2.5
Number of Fungal Genera
2
G
1.5 y = 15x - 58,333
R2 = 0,75
P < 0,05
1
0.5
0
3.995 4 4.005 4.01 4.015 4.02 4.025 4.03 4.035 4.04
pH
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN pH
AND WHITE ROOT INCIDENCE
16
14
WHITE ROT INCIDENC (%)
12
CE
10
8
y = -79,75x + 333,1
6
R² = 0,617
4 P < 0.05
2
0
3.995 4 4.005 4.01 4.015 4.02 4.025 4.03 4.035 4.04
pH
5