3. CEPHALOCAUDAL
This principle describes the direction of growth and
development.
The head region starts growth at first, following by which
other organs starts developing.
The child gains control of the head first, then the arms and
then the legs.
Infants develop control of the head and face movements at
first two months. In next few months they are able to lift
themselves up by using their arms. Next gain control over leg
and able to crawl, stand, walk, run, jump, climb, day by day.
5. PROXIMODISTAL (centre or midline )
Growth proceeds from the centre or midline of the body, to the
periphery, or in a proximo-distal direction.
During the prenatal period, the limb buds develop before the
rudimentary fingers and toes. During infancy, the large muscles
of the arms and legs are subject to voluntary control earlier than
are the fine muscles of the hands and feet.
The spinal cord develops before outer parts of the body.
7. continuous process
Growth and Development is a continues process from
conception to death.
In the early years of life, development consists of changes that
lead the child to maturity not only of body size and functioning,
but also of behaviour.
Even after maturity has been attained, development does not
end.
These changes continue until death ends the life cycle.
8. 4. Growth and development is orderly or
sequential process
9. orderly or sequential process
Every species, whether animal or human, follows a pattern of
development. This pattern in general is the same for all
individuals.
All children follow a development pattern with one stage leading
to the next.
Ex - Infants stand Before they walk; draw circles before they
make squares
13. simple to complex
Children use their cognitive and language skills to reason and
solve problems.
Children at first are able hold the big things by using both
arms, In the next part able to hold things in a single hand,
then only able to pick small objects like peas, cereals etc.
Children when able to hold pencil, first starts draw circles
then squares then only letters after that the words.
15. individual difference
The tempo of development is not even. Individuals differ in
the rate of growth and development.
Boys and girls have different development rates. Each part of
the body has its own particular rate of growth. Development
does not occur at an even pace.
There are periods of great intensity and equilibrium and there
are periods of imbalance.
Development achieves a plateau and this may occur at any
level or between levels.
16. 9. Rate of growth and development is
interrelated
19. general to specific
Development proceeds from general to specific. In all areas of
development, general activities always precedes specific
activity.
For example;
- The fetus moves its whole body but incapable of making
specific responses
-Infants wave their arms randomly. They can make such
specific responses as reaching out for an object near them.
