LEAD 901 Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1
Introduction

2. Class Activity
• Look at the image below, write notes
about your observations of the
image.
Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e.
SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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3. The difference between qualitative research and
quantitative research
Qualitative Research
• Main purpose =
understand reasons and
motivations.
• Data collection –
unstructured or semi-
structured.
• Findings are descriptive.
• Explores
Quantitative Research
• Main purpose = data
quantification
• Data collection –
structured.
• Findings are statistical,
presented in tabulations.
• Measures
Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research
Design 4e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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4. Meeting Qualitative Inquiry
“Sofie knew and taught me that everyone had
some story, every house held a life that could
be penetrated and known, if one took the
trouble. Stories told to oneself or others could
transform the world. Waiting for others to tell
their stories, even helping them do so, meant
no one could be regarded as completely dull,
no place people lived in was without some
hope of redemption, achieved by paying
attention.” (Myerhoff, 1979, p. 240)
Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e.
SAGE Publishing, 2018.
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5. Defining Qualitative Research
• Begins with assumptions and the use of
interpretive/theoretical frameworks
• These frameworks inform the study of
research problems
• Research problems address the meaning
individuals or groups ascribe to a social or
human problem
5Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e.
SAGE Publishing, 2018.

6. Qualitative Researchers
• Use an emerging qualitative approach to
inquiry
• Collect data in a natural setting sensitive
to the people and places under study
• Data analysis is both inductive and
deductive
• Analysis establishes patterns or themes
6Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e.
SAGE Publishing, 2018.

7. Reporting Qualitative Research
• May involve a final written report or
presentation
• Includes the voices of participants
• Addresses the reflexivity of the researcher
• Provides complex description and
interpretation of the problem
• Discusses its contribution to the literature
or a call for change
7Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e.
SAGE Publishing, 2018.

8. Selection of Five Approaches
• Many classifications
• Most common in health, behavioral, and
social sciences
• Have systematic processes of inquiry
8Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e.
SAGE Publishing, 2018.

9. Five Approaches to Qualitative
Research
• Narrative
• Phenomenology
• Grounded theory
• Ethnography
• Case study
9Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e.
SAGE Publishing, 2018.

10. Comparing the Five Approaches
• Examine each side by side
• Each differs by
– the process of research
– the introduction to a study through its purpose
and research questions
– data collection
– data analysis
– report writing
– standards of validation and evaluation
10Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e.
SAGE Publishing, 2018.

11. Key Readings
• Narrative Research
• Clandinin, D. J. (2013). Engaging in narrative
inquiry. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
• Riessman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the
human sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Phenomenology
• Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological
research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Van Manen, M. (2014). Phenomenology of
practice: Meaning-giving methods in
phenomenological research and writing. Walnut
Creek, CA: Left Coast Press
11Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e.
SAGE Publishing, 2018.

12. Key Readings
• Grounded Theory
• Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed).
London: Sage.
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of qualitative research:
Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Ethnography
• Fetterman, D. M. (2010). Ethnography: Step-by-step. (3rd ed.). Los
Angeles: Sage.
• Wolcott, H. F. (2008). Ethnography: A way of seeing (2nd ed.).
Lanham, MD: AltaMira.
• Case Study
• Stake, R. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
• Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and method (5th
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12Creswell, Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design 4e.
SAGE Publishing, 2018.