Advanced strategic management @ bec doms

1. ADVANCED STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 1

4. THE CONCEPT OF STRATEGY The Concept of Strategy and the Pursuit of Sustainable Above-Normal Profits

7. Levels of Strategy FUNCTIONAL STRATEGIES BUSINESS STRATEGY CORPORATE STRATEGY CORPORATE HEAD OFFICE Division A R & D Personnel Finance Production Marketing/Sales Division B R & D Personnel Finance Production Marketing/Sales

9. Common Elements in Successful Strategy Successful Strategy $ EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION Profound understanding of the competitive environment Objective appraisal of resources Long-term, simple and agreed upon objectives

12. The World’s Most Valuable Companies: Performance Under Different Profitability Measures COMPANY MARKET CAP. ($BN.) NET INCOME ($BN) RETURN ON SALES (%) RETURN ON EQUITY (%) RETURN ON ASSETS (%) RETURN TO SHARE-HOLDERS (%) Exxon Mobil 372 36.1 19.9 34.9 17.8 11.7 General Electric 363 16.4 10.7 22.2 14.7 (1.5) Microsoft 281 12.3 40.3 30.0 18.8 (0.9) Citigroup 239 24.6 22.0 21.9 1.5 4.6 BP 233 22.3 9.9 27.9 10.7 10.2 Bank of America 212 16.5 27.0 14.1 1.2 2.4 Royal Dutch Shell 211 25.3 14.7 26.7 11.6 11.8 Wal-Mart 197 11.2 5.5 21.4 8.1 (10.3) Toyota Motor 197 12.1 10.7 13.0 4.8 (22.1) Gazprom 196 7.3 28.1 9.8 7.1 n.a. HSBC 190 15.9 23.0 16.3 1.0 (11.8) Procter & Gamble 190 8.7 17.3 13.7 6.4 7.2

15. Above Normal Profits (in Excess of the Competitive Level) Avoid Competitors Be Better Than Competition Attractive Industry Attractive Niche Cost Advantage Differentiation Advantage Attractive Strategic Group Entry Barriers Mobility Barriers Isolating Mechanisms Sources of Superior Performance

16. Sources of Competitive Advantage COST ADVANTAGE DIFFERENTIATION ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Similar product at lower cost Price premium from unique product

17. The Experience Curve The “Law of Experience” The unit cost value added to a standard product declines by a constant % (typically 20-30%) each time cumulative output doubles. Cost per unit of output (in real $) Cumulative Output 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

18. Examples of Experience Curves 100K 200K 500K 1,000K 5 10 50 Accumulated unit production Accumulated units (millions) (millions) 1960 Yen 15K 20K 30K Price Index 50 100 200 300 70% slope 75% Japanese clocks & watches, 1962-72 UK refrigerators, 1957-71

20. Economies of Scale: The Long-Run Cost Curve for a Plant Units of output per period Minimum Efficient Plant Size: the point where most scale economies are exhausted Cost per unit of output Sources of scale economies: - technical input/output relationships - indivisibilities - specialization

21. Scale Economies in Advertising: U.S. Soft Drinks 10 20 50 100 200 500 1,000 Annual sales volume (millions of cases) Advertising Expenditure ($ per case) 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 Coke Pepsi Seven Up Dr. Pepper Sprite Diet Pepsi Tab Fresca Diet Rite Diet 7-Up Schweppes SF Dr. Pepper Despite the massive advertising budgets of brand leaders Coke and Pepsi, their main brands incur lower advertising costs per unit of sales than their smaller rivals.

22. Applying the Value Chain to Cost Analysis: The Case of Automobile Manufacture STAGE 1. IDENTIFY THE PRINCIPLE ACTIVITIES STAGE 2. ALLOCATE TOTAL COSTS PURCH- ASING PARTS INVEN- TORIES R&D DESIGN ENGNRNG COMPONENT MFR ASSEMBLY TESTING, QUALITY CONTROL GOODS INVEN- TORIES SALES & MKITG DISTRI- BUTION DEALER & CUSTOMER SUPPORT

23. Applying the Value Chain to Cost Analysis: The Case of Automobile Manufacture (continued) PURCH- ASING PARTS INVEN- TORIES R&D DESIGN ENGNRNG COMPONENT MFR ASSEMBLY TESTING, QUALITY CONTROL GOODS INVEN- TORIES SALES & MKITG DISTRI- BUTION DEALER & CUSTOMER SUPPORT --Plant scale for each -- Level of quality targets -- No. of dealers component -- Frequency of defects -- Sales / dealer -- Process technology -- Level of dealer -- Plant location support -- Run length -- Frequency of defects -- Capacity utilization under warranty Prices paid --Size of commitment -- Plant scale --Cyclicality & depend on: --Productivity of -- Flexibility of production predictability of sales -- Order size R&D/design -- No. of models per plant --Customers’ --Purchases per --No. & frequency of new -- Degree of automation willingness to wait supplier models -- Sales / model -- Bargaining power -- Wage levels -- Supplier location -- Capacity utilization STAGE 3. IDENTIFY COST DRIVERS

27. Using the Value Chain to Identify Differentiation Potential on the Supply Side FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INBOUND OPERATIONS OUTBOUND MARKETING SERVICE LOGISTICS LOGISTICS & SALES MIS that supports fast response capabilities Training to support customer service excellence Unique product features. Fast new product development Quality of components & materials Defect free products. Wide variety Fast delivery. Efficient order processing Building brand reputation Customer technical support. Consumer credit. Availability of spares

28. Identifying Differentiation Opportunities through Linking the Value Chains of the Firm and its Customers: Can Manufacture 1. Distinctive can design can assist canners’ marketing activities. 2. High manufacturing tolerances can avoid breakdowns in customer’s canning lines. 3. Frequent, reliable delivery can permit canner to adopt JIT can supply. 4. Efficient order processing system can reduce customers’ ordering costs. 5. Competent technical support can increase canner’s efficiency of plant utilization. Supplies of steel & aluminum Service & technical support Sales Distribution Inventory holding Manufacturing Design Engineering Inventory holding Purchasing Distribution Marketing Canning Processing Inventory holding Purchasing CANNER CAN MAKER 1 2 4 5 3

29. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS AND POSITIONING Determining Industry Attractiveness and Identifying Strategic Opportunities

30. Profitability of US Industries (selected industries only) Household & Personal Products 22.7 Gas & Electric Utilities 10.4 Pharmaceuticals 22.3 Food and Drug Stores 10.0 Tobacco 21.6 Motor Vehicles & Parts 9.8 Food Consumer Products 19.6 Hotels, Casinos, Resorts 9.7 Securities 18.9 Railroads 9.0 Diversified financials 18.3 Insurance: Life and Health 8.6 Beverages 18.8 Packaging & Containers 8.6 Mining & crude oil 17.8 Insurance: Property & Casualty 8.3 Petroleum Refining 17.3 Building Materials, Glass 8.3 Medical Products & Equipment 17.2 Metals 8.0 Commercial Banks 15.5 Food Production 7.2 Scientific & Photographic Equipt. 15.0 Forest and Paper Products 6.6 Apparel 14.4 Semiconductors & Computer Software 13.9 Electronic Components 5.9 Publishing, Printing 13.5 Telecommunications 4.6 Health Care 13.1 Communications Equipment 1.2 Electronics, Electrical Equipment 13.0 Entertainment 0.2 Specialty Retailers 13.0 Airlines (22.0) Computers, Office Equipment 11.7 Median return on equity (%), 1999-2005

31. The Profitability of Global Industries: Return on Invested Capital, 1963-2003

34. The Spectrum of Industry Structures Concentration Entry and Exit Barriers Product Differentiation Information Perfect Competition Oligopoly Duopoly Monopoly Many firms A few firms Two firms One firm No/Low barriers Significant barriers High barriers Homogeneous Product Potential for product differentiation Perfect Information flow Imperfect availability of information

35. Porter’s Five Forces of Competition Framework SUPPLIERS POTENTIAL ENTRANTS SUBSTITUTES BUYERS INDUSTRY COMPETITORS Rivalry among existing firms Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of buyers Threat of new entrants Threat of substitutes

40. The Traditional Model of Industry Life Cycle Time Sales volume Fermentation Shakeout Maturity Decline

43. The Driving Forces of Industry Evolution Customers become more knowledgeable & experienced Diffusion of technology Demand growth slows as market saturation approaches Customers become more price conscious Products become more standardized Distribution channels consolidate Production shifts to low-wage countries Price competition intensifies Bargaining power of distributors increases BASIC CONDITIONS INDUSTRY STRUCTURE COMPETITION Excess capacity increases Production becomes less R&D & skill-intensive Quest for new sources of differentiation

44. Changes in the Population of Firms over the Industry Life Cycle: US Auto Industry 1885-1961 Source: S. Klepper, Industrial & Corporate Change, August 2002, p. 654.

46. 1880s 1920s 1960s 2000 Mail order, catalogue retailing e.g. Sears Roebuck Chain Stores e.g. A&P Discount Stores e.g. K-Mart Wal-Mart “ Category Killers” e.g. Toys-R-Us, Home Depot Internet Retailers e.g. Amazon; Expedia Warehouse Clubs e.g. Price Club Sam’s Club Innovation & Renewal over the Industry Life Cycle: Retailing ?

47. Gary Hamel: Shaking the Foundations OLD BRICK NEW BRICK Top management is responsible for setting strategy Everyone is responsible for setting strategy Getting better, getting faster is the way to win Rule-busting innovation is the way to win IT creates competitive advantage Unconventional business concepts create competitive advantage Being revolutionary is high risk More of the same is high risk We can merge our way to competitiveness There’s no correlation between size and competitiveness Innovation equals new products and new technology Innovation equals entirely new business concepts Strategy is the easy part, Implementation the hard part Strategy is the easy only if you’re content to be an imitator Change starts at the top Change starts with activists Our real problem is execution Our real problem is innovation Big companies can’t innovate Big companies can become gray-haired revolutionaries

48. An Alternate Model of Industry Life Cycle Time Sales volume Emergence Convergence Coexistence Dominance Established Industry Emerging Industry

49. The Industry Life Cycle as an S curve Performance Time Ferment Takeoff Maturity Discontinuity

50. The S-curve Maps Major Transitions Performance Time Ferment Takeoff Maturity Discontinuity

51. RESOURCES, CAPABILITIES, AND CORE COMPETENCES

54. Precision Mechanics Fine Optics Micro- Electronics 35mm SLR camera Compact fashion camera EOS autofocus camera Digital camera Video still camera Plain-paper copier Color copier Color laser copier Laser copier Basic fax Laser fax Mask aligners Excimer laser aligners Stepper aligners Inkjet printer Laser printer Color video printer Calculator Notebook computer Canon: Products and Core Technical Capabilities

60. Identifying Organizational Capabilities: A Functional Classification FUNCTION CAPABILITY EXEMPLARS Corporate Financial management ExxonMobil, GE Management Strategic control IBM, Samsung Coordinating business units BP, P&G Managing acquisitions Citigroup, Cisco MIS Speed and responsiveness through Wal-Mart, Dell rapid information transfer Capital One R&D Research capability Merck, IBM Development of innovative new products Apple, 3M Manufacturing Efficient volume manufacturing Briggs & Stratton Continuous Improvement Nucor, Harley-D Flexibility Zara, Four Seasons Design Design Capability Apple, Nokia Marketing Brand Management P&G, LVMH Quality reputation Johnson & Johnson Responsiveness to market trends MTV, L’Oreal Sales, Distribution Sales Responsiveness PepsiCo, Pfizer & Service Efficiency and speed of distribution LL Bean, Dell Customer Service Singapore Airlines Caterpillar

61. The Value Chain: The McKinsey Business System TECHNOLOGY PRODUCT DESIGN MANUFACTURING MARKETING DISTRIBUTION SERVICE

62. The Porter Value Chain FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PROCUREMENT INBOUND OPERATIONS OUTBOUND MARKETING SERVICE LOGISTICS LOGISTICS & SALES PRIMARY ACTIVITIES SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

63. The Rent-Earning Potential of Resources and Capabilities Scarcity Relevance Durability Transferability Replicability Property rights Relative bargaining power Embeddedness THE EXTENT OF THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE ESTABLISHED SUSTAINABILITY OF THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE APPROPRIABILITY THE PROFIT EARNING POTENTIAL OF A RESOURCE OR CAPABILITY

64. RESOURCES CAPABILITIES Assessing a Companies Resources and Capabilities: The Case of VW Importance VW’s Relative Strength C1. Product development 9 4 C2. Purchasing 7 5 C3. Engineering 7 9 C4. Manufacturing 8 7 C5. Financial management 6 3 C6. R&D 6 4 C7. Marketing & sales 9 4 C8. Government relations 4 8 Importance VW’s Relative Strength R1. Finance 6 4 R2. Technology 7 5 R3. Plant and equipment 8 8 R4. Location 7 4 R5. Distribution 8 5

67. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE AND THE SCOPE OF THE FIRM

69. Transactions Costs and the Scope of the Firm P 1 P 2 P 3 C 1 C 2 C 3 Vertical Product Geographical Scope Scope Scope V 1 V 2 V 3 P 3 P 2 P 1 C 3 C 2 C 1 V 1 V 2 V 3 [A] Single Integrated Firm [B] Several Specialized Firms linked by Markets In situation [A] the business units are integrated within a single firm. In situation [B] the business units are independent firms linked by markets. Are the administrative costs of the integrated firm less than the transaction costs of markets?

73. Diversification among Large UK Corporations, 1950-93

82. Iron ore mining Steel production Steel strip production Can making The value chain for steel cans MARKET CONTRACTS VERTICAL INTEGRATION MARKET CONTRACTS Canning of food, drink, oil, etc. VERTICAL INTEGRATION, AND MARKET CONTRACTS What factors explain why some stages are vertically integrated, while others are linked by market transactions?

85. Patterns of Internationalization Trading Global Industries Industries --aerospace --automobiles --military hardware --oil --diamond mining --semiconductors --agriculture --consumer electronics Domestic Multidomestic Industries Industries --railroads --laundries/dry cleaning --retail banking --hairdressing --hotels --milk --consulting International Trade Foreign Direct Investment LO W LOW HIGH HIGH

87. Competitive Advantage within an International Context: The Basic Framework COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE THE INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT Key Success Factors FIRM RESOURCES & CAPABILITIES -- Financial resources -- Physical resources -- Technology -- Reputation -- Functional capabilities -- General management capabilities THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT -- National resources and capabilities (raw materials; national culture; human resources; transportation, communication, legal infrastructure -- Domestic market conditions -- Government policies -- Exchange rates -- Related and supporting industries

89. Revealed Comparative Advantage for Certain Broad Product Categories USA Canada W. Germany Italy Japan Food, drink & tobacco .31 .28 -.36 -.29 -.85 Raw materials .43 .51 -.55 -.30 -.88 Oil & refined products -.64 .34 -.72 -.74 -.99 Chemicals .42 -.16 .20 -.06 -.58 Machinery and trans- .12 -.19 .34 .22 .80 portation equipment Other manufacturers -.68 -.07 .01 .29 .40 Note : Revealed comparative advantage for each product group is measured as: (Exports less Imports)/ Domestic production

95. Location and the Value Chain Comparative advantage in textiles and apparel by stage of processing Hong Kong 1 -0.96 2 -0.81 3 -0.41 4 +0.75 Italy 1 -0.54 2 +0.18 3 +0.14 4 +0.72 Japan 1 -0.36 2 +0.48 3 +0.48 4 -0.48 U.S.A. 1 +0.96 2 +0.64 3 +0.22 4 -0.73 Country Stage Index of Country Stage Index of of Revealed of Revealed Processing Comparative Processing Comparative Advantage Advantage Note : 1 = production of fiber (natural & synthetic) 2 = production of spun yarn 3 = production of textiles 4 = production of clothing

96. The optimal location of activity X considered independently WHERE TO LOCATE ACTIVITY X? The importance of links between activity X and other activities of the firm Where is the optimal location of X in terms of the cost and availability of inputs? What government incentives/ penalties affect the location decision? What internal resources and capabilities does the firm possess in particular locations? What is the firm’s business strategy (e.g. cost vs. differentiation advantage)? How great are the coordination benefits from co-locating activities? Determining the Optimal Location of Value Chain Activities

97. Alternative Modes of Overseas Market Entry Resource commitment TRANSACTIONS DIRECT INVESTMENT Spot sales Exporting Foreign agent / distributor Licensing Franchising Joint venture Marketing & Distribution only Long-term contract Licensing patents & other IP Fully integrated Wholly owned subsidiary Marketing& Distribution only Fully integrated Low High

99. SUZUKI ISUZU TOYOTA IBC Vehicles Ltd. (U.K.) GM New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI) 10% owned. Co-production 49%owned. Co-production 40% investment 60% owned 50% owned 50% owned (Makes vans in UK) (Makes cars in US) SAAB 50% owned FIAT 20% owned (2000-5). Collaboration on technology and components FUJI 20% owned; joint production DAEWOO 50.9% owned; technical & production collaboration AVTOVAZ Russian JV to produce cars SAIC JV to produce cars in China General Motors’ Alliances with Competitors

102. Analyzing benefits/costs of a global strategy Forces for localization / national differentiation MARKET DRIVERS --Different languages --Different customer preferences --Cultural differences COST DRIVERS --Transportation costs --Transaction costs --Economic & political risk --Speed of response GOVERNMENT DRIVERS --Barriers to trade & inward inv. --Regulations Forces for globalization MARKET DRIVERS --Common customer needs --Global customers --Cross-border network effects COST DRIVERS --Global scale economies --Differences in national resource availability --Learning COMPETITIVE DRIVERS --Potential for strategic competition (e.g. cross- subsidization)

103. Benefits of national differentiation Benefits of global integration Cement Telecom equipment Jet engines Consumer electronics Autos Funeral services Retail banking Investment banking Auto repair Restaurant chains Steel Online C2C auctions Beer Dry cleaning

104. Benefits of national differentiation Benefits of global integration Cement Telecom equipment Jet engines Consumer electronics Autos Funeral services Retail banking Investment banking Auto repair Positioning industries in terms of benefits of globalization and national differentiation