Climate change - General

1. By:
Heba Numan Harara
Submitted to:
Dr:KhalilTubail

2. What is climate change?
A substantial change in the
region average weather
pattern including average
temperature, precipitation &
wind (Earth Reform, 2012).
•When due to natural
processes, it is usually
referred to as global
climate variability.
•Usually refers to changes
forced by human activities
that change the
atmosphere.

3. • The earth has warmed by over 0.5C in
the last 100 years.
• Models predict that by the year 2100,
the world’s mean temperature will rise
an additional 1.8 to 4.0°C, sea levels will
rise 0.18 to 0.59 m, and weather
variability will increase significantly.
The Earth is warming

4. Predicting the future – average temperature
increases predicted by 2100

5. k2
NASA data for Jan-Apr 2010, 0.75oC above 1951-1980
base period

6. 1996-2000

7. 2003-2007

8. What causes Earth’s climate to
change?
• Changes in the atmosphere
• Natural processes
–Volcanoes
–Tectonic plate movement
–Changes in the sun
• Human activities – any activity that releases
“greenhouse gases” into the atmosphere

9. • The earth’s atmosphere (the air that we
breathe) contains a number of so called
greenhouse gases.
• The ones most closely associated with global
warming are carbon dioxide (CO2) and
methane (CH4).
The greenhouse effect

10. Green house gases
Greenhouse gases absorb and
• Carbon dioxide
• Nitrous oxide
hold heat in the atmosphere.
• Methane

12. IPCCThird Assessment Report - Climate Change 2001: The
Scientific Basis –Technical Summary. Geneva, 2001.

13. Causes of the climate change
• Deforestation and other
changes to the use of land.
Man-Made Activities
o Wood logging
o Building houses
o Farming
Deforestation Account for 23% of
man-made CO2 emissions.
( Arkives, 2013)
Climate Change
Climate Change

14. CAUSES
• Burning of fossil fuel
for energy
 Coal is burn to produce
electricity from coal power
plants,
 gas to heat homes.
 oil to drive cars.
Contributing to production of
greenhouse gases.
Climate Change
Climate Change

15. Causes ……..
• Increase in population
 more people burning
fossil fuels for energy.
o In 2005, about 27 billion
tones of CO2 released
into the atmosphere
(Arkives, 2013).
Climate Change
Climate Change

16. Causes……..
• Other man-made chemical
reactions.
1.Fluorinated gases-
 Man-made gases use in
refrigerators, aerosols.
 High global warming gases greatly
depleting the ozone layer.
2. CO2, and CH4 from breakdown
of waste in landfills.
(Earth Reforms, 2012)
Climate Change
Climate Change

17. 1. Sea-level rise : a few cm to a few meters
•0.61 m or 61 cm :U.S. would lose 25899.8811
square kilometers.
• 0.9 m or 90 cm : Would inundate Miami
• Affects erosion, loss of wetlands, freshwater
supplies
•Half of the world’s population lives along coasts
The effects of climate change

18. Pakistan,August 2010
•If all the snow melted in the world's sea level
would rise 65.8 meters !!? Do you know what that
means ?? mean that Beirut and Alexandria,Tripoli
andTunis will be in the Mediterranean seabed,
while the Cairo city will be at the coastal line!
•Also mean that Baghdad and Kuwait, Doha,
Bahrain and Dubai will become in the bottom of
the Gulf.

19. 2. Glaciers are melting away
worldwide
Agassiz Glacier,
Montana, in
1913…
Pasterze Glacier,
Austria, in
1875…
…and in 2005
…and in 2004

20. Effects……..
3. Poor Health & Death
o Polluted atmosphere-increased
respiratory illness.
o CC causes over 800, 000 deaths
annually (WHO, 2012).
o 150, 000 of these deaths from air
pollution.
o Children more vulnerable to
poor ambient air quality.
(WHO, Earth Reform, 2012)
Climate Change
Climate Change

21. Effects
4. Flooding and Draught
 Change in precipitation
pattern.
 Parts of the world will be
draught & others floods.
 Affect crop field -food
shortage , fresh water
supply & housing.
(Earth Reform, 2012)
Climate Change
Climate Change

22. Effects ………
5. GlobalWarming
Increase in planet average
temperature due to
greenhouse gases.
 Extreme weather pattern
shift in all regions of the
world
(Earth Reform, 2012)
Climate Change
Climate Change

23. Effects ……..
6. Extinction of many species
1.Due to Extreme weather
conditions.
2.Chemical fishing etc.
o polar birds, turtle, dolphins etc.
(IPSOR, 2013)
& birds
Climate Change
Climate Change

24. Effects……..
7.Risk of Human Extinction.
 Natural food supply
shortage
 Polluted rivers, lakes &
oceans with toxic
materials.
 Shortage of water supply.
 Polluted air –High risk of
airborne diseases
(Earth Reform, 2012)
Climate Change
Climate Change

25. Observed
Changes and
Effects

26. Overall effect
Water
• Increased water shortages from lower rainfall and
higher evaporation
• Increased storm water flooding from greater
rainfall variability
• Insufficient rain to recharge aquifers.
Agriculture
• More frequent droughts and increased
desertification.
• Increased crop water requirements
• Decline in grazing ranges and stocks & Higher
food prices.

27. Overall effect
• Ecosystems
–Coral systems cannot handle higher
temperatures well.
–Wildfires will increase.
 Coastal management.
• Saline intrusion into the Coastal Aquifer.
• Land use impacts from sea-level rise and
coastal erosion.
• Soil degradation.
• Loss of biodiversity

28. Overall effect
 Energy
• Increased energy demands to cope with more temperature
extremes
• Rising fuel demands to cope with water shortages.
 Public health
• Increase in public health aliments related to the lack of water such
as diarrhoea, cholera and dehydration.
• Spatial and temporal alteration of disease vectors, including
malaria, and tick-borne diseases.

29. • Changes in climatic conditions can harm the delicate
ecosystems in which species live.
• The speed at which change is happening means that
many plants and animals may not be able to react
quickly enough to survive.
Species endangered by climate
change

30. Climate change threatens the necessities of life that we take
for granted – access to food and water and political stability:
• By 2080 half the world’s population could face a shortage of water because of
climate change.
• By 2050 200 million people could be permanently displaced by floods, rising sea
levels and draughts.
• Food and water shortages could lead to migration and instability on a scale not seen
before.
The human cost of climate change

31. • The government can drive efforts to switch to
renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions in
energy generation:
– Solar power
– Wind power
– Nuclear power
– Bio-energy
– Carbon capture and storage (for example burying carbon
dioxide emissions underground).
What can governments do?
Cutting emissions from energy generation

32. Cutting deforestation
 Most deforestation occurs in developing regions:
Brazil / SouthAmerica
Indonesia / Asia
Africa
 These countries need financial support to
replace loss of earnings from logging.

33. Putting a price on carbon
 The true‘environmental’ cost of carbon needs to be reflected
in the cost of fuel, electricity and food.
 Taxes and regulation will ensure that the polluter pays.
Emissions trading
 Kyoto's clean development mechanism caps emissions by rich
countries, forcing them to buy permits from poor countries to
emit greenhouse gases.
 The funds raised are then invested in projects that reduce
emissions in the developing countries.
 The emissions trading program of the European Union is the
hub of the global market; the value of EU carbon emissions
trading reached $50billion in 2007.

34. •Climate is one of the key parameters in the earth’s
environment.
•The study of the impacts of climate change on
groundwater is a major factor that affects the developing
strategic plans.
•The Gaza strip coastal aquifer area as one of the semi-
arid areas is affected by climate changes and that
absolutely affects all kinds of water resources including
groundwater resource.
Impacts of Climate Change on Groundwater of the Gaza Coastal
Aquifer

39. Projected temperature in 2020,2050,2080 in Gaza Strip

40. Projected precipitation in 2020,2050,2080 in Gaza Strip

41. Baseline period raster Sea-Level Rise map (cm)

42. Projected Sea Level Rise in 2020,2050,2080 in Gaza Strip
1.097 cm was the mean sea level rise for baseline period for
the Gaza strip location area.

43. Baseline
1972-2002
2020 2050 2080
Annual mean
temperature(oC)
19.8 20.66 22.48 25.08
Annual mean
precipitation
(mm/year)
318.5 294.68 243.7 170.819
mean sea level
rise (cm)
1.097 9.04 28.84 59.85
Table : projected temperature, precipitation and sea level rise
in Gaza Strip (Gharbia.S,2013)

44. Recommendation
 Climate change must be taken as one of major factors in the
strategic planning process.
 Improving the existing wastewater treatment plant efficiency in
order to be one of the new agricultural water resources by reusing
the treated wastewater.
 PWA must go ahead in implementation of seawater desalination
strategic plan as one of the main steps in solution scenario.

45. The system slowly dies .If we don’t do
anything…WeWill Be Losers!