Fundamentals of a computer system

1. fzpdpia ,dq;fhz;Nghk;
Mr. B.Karthiban
BSc (Hons) in Computing, Executive MSc in PM, PGDE (Reading)

2. fzpdpia ,dq;fhz;Nghk;
fzpdpapdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpKiwfs;.
fzpdpapd; ,ay;Gfs;.
fzpdpapd; ghFghLfs;.
fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; KiwtopAk; mjd; $WfSk;.
fzpdpapd; mbg;gilg; gFjpfs;.
fzpdpapy; cs;s Jiwfs;
fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfs;.
vd;gd gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtPh;fs;

3. fzpdp vd;gJ ahJ?
kdpjdpf; gy;NtW gzpfis vspjhf;ftjw;Fj; njhFjpfs; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wd ntd ehk;
mj;jpahak; 1 ,w; fw;Nwhk;.
“gaehpdhy; cs;splg;gLk; my;yJ njhFjpapdhy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; jutfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L
mj;juTfisg; gaehpdhy; jug;gLk; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;Nfw;g Kiwtopg;gLj;jp mtUf;Fj; NjitahdthW
jfty;fis ntspapLk; kpd; tYtpdhy; ,af;fg;gLk; cgfuzk;” vdf; fzpdpia miof;fyhk;.
fzpdpapy; cs;s rpwg;gpay;Gfs; fhuzkhf mJ vkf;F mj;jpahtrpahd Xh; mk;rkhf khwpAs;sJ.
mtw;wpy; rpytw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.

4. fzpdpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
fjp
(Speed)
ve;jf fzpg;igAk; nra;tjw;F xU fzpdp kpff; Fwfpa Neuj;ij
vLf;fpd;wJ. xU nrf;fspy; kpy;ypaDf;F Nkw;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fis eil
Kiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Mw;wy; fzpdpaplk; cs;sJ.
nrk;ik / ek;gfj;jfT
(Accuracy)
rhpahd mwpTWj;jy;fSf;Fk; juTfSf;FNfw;g fzpdp rhpahd
jfty;fisj; jUfpd;wnjd cWjpahff; $wyhk;.
jpwd;
(Efficiency)
fzpdp fisg;giltjpy;iy. mJ 24 kzp Neuk; xNu tpjkhfj;
njhopw;glLr; rhpahd jfty;fisj; jUtjw;fhd Mw;wyiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
gy;jpwik
(Versatility)
gy;NtW gzpfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jf; $baik fzpdpapd; xU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
xU jlitg; Gs;spg; gl;baiyf; fzpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdpia
NtnwhU jlit cq;fSf;F tpUg;gkhd ghliyf; Nfl;gjw;F my;yJ
tpisahl;il tpisahLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Njf;fp itg;gjw;Fk;
kPl;lYf;Fkhd Mw;wy;
(Storage and Retrirval)
Gj;jq;fspy; jfty;fis vOjp itj;jpUf;Fk; fhyk; mUfptl;lJ..
fzpdpapd; xU rpwpa myfpy; mjpf msT jfty;fisf; Nrkpj;J itg;gNj
,jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;; mt;thW Nrkpj;J itj;j jfty;fisj;
NjitahdNghJ kpf tpiuthfg; ngWk; Mw;wYk; cs;sJ.

5. fzpdpapd; ghFghL
xU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; cq;fs; Mtzq;fisj; jahhpf;Fk; fzpdp NtnwhU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; njhopwrhiyapd;
nghwpj;njhFjpAk; NtnwhU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; cq;fs; Neha; epiyikfisAk; Nrhjpg;gjw;F cjTfpd;wnjd
mj;jpahak; 1 ,y; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;Bh;fs;. vdpDk; fzpdp vy;yhr; re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; xNu ngsjpf
tbtj;ij vLg;gjpy;iy vd;gijAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gPh;fs;.
MfNt ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; fzpdpfisr; rpy tiffshfg; ghFgLj;jpf; fhl;lyhk;. mjhtJ
mstpw;Nfw;gTk; njhopDl;gj;jpw;Nfw;gTk; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

7. kPf;fzpdpfs; (Super Computers)
,f;fzpdpfs; mjpAah; Mw;wy;kpf;fit. tpQ;Qhd> nghwpapay; gzpfSf;fhfTk; rpf;fyhd fzpjg;
gpurpdq;fSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,f;fzpdpfs; ehrh (Nasa) Nghd;w epWtfq;fspdhYk; nghpa
tpahfhu epWtfq;fspdhYk; ,uhZt mYty;fSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

8. ngUKff; fzpdpfs; (Mainframe Computers)
,it kPf;fzpdpfspYk; ghh;f;f Ntfk;> Mw;wy;> tpiy Fiwe;jit ngUKff; fzpdpj;
njhopDl;gtpay; vd;gJ gy gaeh;fs; xU fzpdpAld; ,ize;J gy Kbtplq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj;
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;sy;> Njf;fp itj;jy;> kPz;Lk; ngWjy; Mfpatw;iw
Nkw;nfhs;sy; MFk;. nghpa tpahguhq;fspYk; th;j;jfj;jpYk; Ngustpyhd fzpdpj; njhopDl;gtpay;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mNjNtis ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSk; eilngWfpd;wd.

9. rpW fzpdpfs; (Mini Computers)
ngUKff; fzpdpfspYk; ghh;f;f Ntfk;> Mw;wy;> tpiy Fiwe;j rpW fzpdpfs; nghJ Nehf;ff;
fzpdpfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vspjhdJ. gy gaeh;fspdhy; gy
Kbtplq;fspd; %yk; rpW fzpdpAld; ,ize;J juTfSk; jfty;fSk; ghpkhwpf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,J
rpwpa fzpdp tiyaikg;G vdg;gLk;. tq;fpapay; njhFjpfis ,jw;F cjhuzkhff;; fhl;lyhk;.

10. jdpahs; fzpdpfs;/ Ez;fzpdpfs;/ rpWfzpdpfs;
(Personal Computers/Micro Computers/Mini Computers)
,J rpwpa fzpdpahFk;. jdpahs; gad;ghl;bw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,f;fzpdpfs; Fiwe;j
nfhs;jpwidf; nfhz;l epidtfj;ijg; Nghd;W mstpYk; tpiyapYk; fjpapYk; Fiwe;jdthFk;.
,it Fiwe;j msT kpd;idAk; Efh;fpd;wd.
Nkw;Fwpj;j tifg;gLj;jy; etPd fzpdpfSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

12. xj;jpirf; fzpdpfs;
(Analog Computers)
Rw;whlypy; cs;s khw;wq;fs; (fjp Nthy;w;wsT>
mKf;fk;> ntg;gepiy) Nghd;w xj;jpirf;
iriffis (Analog Signals) ,dq;fz;L
mjw;Nfw;gj; njhopw;gLk; fzpdpfs; xj;jpirf;
fzpdpfs; vdg;gLk;. fjpkhdp> Gydpfs; cs;s
tPjp tpsf;Ffs;> thdpiy msitg; nghwp
Mfpatw;iw ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshff;
fhl;lyhk;.
ehk; jpdrhp tho;tpy; gad;gLj;Jk; fzpdpfs;
,yf;fKiwf; fzpdpfs; MFk;. ,f;Fzpdpfs;
,yf;fKiwf; iriffis (Digital Signals)
,dq;fz;L njhopw;gLfps;wd. ,it
nra;eputpw;Nfw;g kpd; tYtpdhy;
njhipw;gLj;jg;gLfps;wd.
,yf;fKiwf; fzpdpfs;
(Digital Computers)

13. fyg;gpdf; fzpdpfs; (Hybrid Computers)
xj;jpirf; fzpdpfs; (Analog Computers)> ,yf;fKiwf; fzpdpfs; (Digital Computers) Mfpa ,U
tiffspdJk; xU fyg;ghff; fyg;gpdf; fzpdpfis mwpKfQ; nra;ayhk;. ,jaj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;il
mtjhdpg;gjw;F kUj;Jtkidapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ECG nghwp xU fyg;gpdf; fzpdpahFk;.
xj;jpirf; irifahfpa ,jaj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;il ,dq;fz;L mjid ,yf;fKiwr; irifahf
khw;wp mr;iriffis mr;rpLjy; ,g;nghwpapd; %yk; eilngWfpd;wJ.

14. fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; Kiwtop
xU njhFjpapd; njhopyhdJ juTfis cs;spl;L>
mtw;iw Kiwtopahf;fp> Njf;fp itj;J>
NjitahdNghJ Njitahd jfty;fis
ntspapLjyhFk; vd;W ehk; fw;Nwhk;. xU njhFjpapd;
njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fg; gy;NtW cj;jpfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W
,ize;J njhopw;gLfpd;wd. mk;KiwtopiaAk; xU
njhFjpapd; mikg;igAk; ,t;thW fhl;LNthk;.

16. rhtpg;gyif
(Keyboard)
fzpdpf;Fj; juTfis cs;spLk; gpurpj;jpngw;w cj;jp rhtpg;gyifahFk;. mJ mikg;gpy;
jl;nlOj;Jg;nghwpapd; rhtpg;gyif Nghy; ,Ue;jjhYk; mjpy; Nkyjpfr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf Nkyjpf
rhtpfs; cs;sd.
nghJthfr; rhtpg;gyif ,U msTfspy; cs;sJ. mjhtJ 101 / 102 njhlf;fk; 104 my;yJ 108
tiuahd rhtpfs; cs;sd. rhtpg;gyifapy; cs;s rhtpfspd; njhopw;ghL gpd;tUkhW.

17. Rl;b
(Mouse)
fzpdpj; jpiuapy; Njhd;Wk; Rl;Lr; rhjdq;fspy; Rl;b gpurpj;j ngw;w cjhuzkhFk;. Rl;bia xU
Fwpj;j mk;rj;jpd; kPJ nrhlf;fk; NghJ mj;njhopy; xU juthf cs;splg;gLfpd;wJ. Rl;bapy; ,lJ
nghj;jhd;> tyJ nghj;jhd; vd ,Utifg; nghj;jhd; vd ,Utifg; nghj;jhd;fSk; jpiukPJ
NkNyAk; fPNoAk; cUl;Ltjw;F xU rpy;Yk; cs;sd. mt;thNw kbf; fzpdpf;Fr; (Laptop
Computer) Rl;Lr; rhjdkhfj; njhLepug;gplk; (njhL jpz;L) (Touch Pad) my;yJ Rl;b
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

18. njhLjpiu
(Touch Screen)
Gjpa fzpdpfspYk; nry; NgrpfspYk; njhLjpiu
cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdkhfTk; ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdkhfTk;
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jpiuiaj; njhLtjd; %yk;
juTfs; cs;splg;gLfpd;wd. ,JTk; xU Rl;Lr;
rhjdkhFk;.
,af;Fgpb
(Joy stick)
,af;FgpbAk; Rl;biag; Nghd;W fzpdpj; jpiu
kPJ epiy fhl;bia ,aq;fr; nra;ag;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Rl;Lr; rhjdkhFk;. ,J fzpdp
tpisahl;LfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

19. xspg;Ngdh
(Light Pen)
Xspg;Ngdh NtnwhU Rl;Lr; rhjdkhFk; fzpdpj; jpiuapy; cs;s gl;b cUg;gbiaf; (Menu item)
fhlLtjw;F my;yJ jpiy kPJ tiutjw;F my;yJ vOJtjw;F ,t;Tj;jp gad;gLj;jg;gLfps;wJ. ,J
Njhw;wj;jpy; rhjhud Ngdhitg; Nghd;wJ. ,J fzpdpAld; njhlh;Ggl;l tbtikg;Gspy; (SPPCCO CAD
– Computer Aided Design) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

21. ,yf;fKiwf; fkuh
(Digital Camera)
,yf;fKiwf; fkuh vd;gJ xspg;glf;
fhl;rpiaAk; xspAUf; fhl;rpiaAk; fzpdpf;F
cs;spLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cs;sPl;L
cj;jpahFk;.
tiyf;fkuh
(WebCam)
,izaj;jpD}lhff; fzpdpAld; ,idw;jpUf;Fk;
xUth; fhl;rpia vLg;gjw;F my;yJ xspAUf;
fhl;rpiag; ngWtjw;F tiyf; fkuhitg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. ,t;Tj;jp kbf; fzpdpAld;
,ize;J mikj;j jpiuf;F (Monitor/Visual
Display Unit (VDU)) NkNy fhzg;gLk; mNjNtis
kw;iwa fzpdpfSf;F ntspNa ,izf;fg;glyhk;

22. %ba Rw;Wj; njhiyf;fhl;rp fkuh
(Closed Circuit TV (CCTV))
%ba Rw;Wj; njhiyf;fhl;rpf; fkuhtpd; %yk; cUtk; my;yJ xspAUf; fhl;rpia vLj;J mj;juit
mj;JizAWg;Gld; ,izj;jpUf;Fk; fzpdpf;F cs;splg;gLk;. ,t;Tj;jp tPjpr; rl;lq;fisg;
ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;W ,lg; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; nghpJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

24. rkjsg;gLf;if tUbfs;
(Flatbed Scanners)
rkjsg;gLif tUb vd;gJ xspg;gpujpg;
nghwpahFk;. ,J rkkhfj; njhopw;gLk; cs;sPl;L
cj;jpahFk;. mjw;F topg;gLj;jg;gLk; Kjy;
cj;jpapDs;Ns mlq;Fk; Nyrh;f; fjph;fspd; %yk;
ngwg;gl;L ,yf;fKiwj; juTfshf khw;wg;gl;Lj;
Njf;fp itg;gjw;fhff; fzpdpf;F
cs;splg;gLfpd;wJ.
gl;ilf; FwpKiw thrpg;ghd;
(Barcode Reader)
,t;Tj;jpapd; %yk; ngUk;ghyhd nghUs;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; gl;ilf; FwpKiw (Barcode)
thrpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;gl;ilf; FwpKiw
vOj;njz; (Alphanumeric) ngWkhdkhf
khw;wg;gl;L mjDld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s
fzpdpf;F cs;splg;gLk;

25. fhe;j ik thpAU thrpg;ghd;
(Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR))
,t;Tj;jp tq;fpfs; njhlh;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
fhNrhiyapy; cs;s nrk;ikiar; Nrhjpg;gjw;F
,t;Tj;jp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fhNrhiyapd;
fPo;g; gFjpapy; cs;s vz;fis thrpj;J mjpy;
cs;s jfty;fs; (tq;fpf; FwpKiw> tq;fpf;
fzf;F vz;) fzpdpf;F cs;splg;gLk;.
xspapay; thpAU fz;lwpjy;
(Optical Character Recognition (OCR))
gy gf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l Mtzq;fis kpff;
Fwfpa fhyj;jpy; tUbf; fzpdpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
fzpdpg;gLj;jpa Mtzj;ijg; gjpg;Gr;
nra;tjw;fk; xspapay; thpAU fz;lwpjy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J E}yfq;fspYk;
murhq;f epWtdq;fspYk; gutyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cs;sPl;L cj;jpahFk;.

26. jd;dpaf;ff; fhrspg;G ve;jpuk;
(Automated Teller Machine (ATM))
tq;fpj; njhopypy; Xh; mk;rkhfpa ,t;Tj;jpapdhy;
fldl;ilapd; my;yJ tutl;ilapd; %yk;
eilngWk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;
vspjhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;Tj;jpf;F topg;gLj;jg;Glk;
fldl;ilia my;yJ tutl;ilia thrpj;J
mjpy; cs;s vz;fs; Nrhjpf;fg;gl;L
,izaj;jpD}lhf mjw;F chpa tq;fpf;
fzf;Fld; ,ize;j fzpdpf;Fj; juTfis
cs;spLtjd; %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fypw;fhd
jFjp Nrhjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
xspapay; Fwp fz;lwpjy;
(Optical Mark Recognition (OMR))
xspapay; Fwp fz;lwpjy; vd;gJ Fwpfis
,dq;fhzg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cs;sPl;L
cj;jpahFk;. Ngdhtpdhy; my;yJ ngd;rpypfhy;
Fwpf;fg;gl;l gbtk; ghPl;irg; gytpDs; njhpT
tpilj;jhs;fSf;Fg; Gs;spapLjy; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg;
gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;Glk; ,ttUbapd; %yk;
Kd;dNu epr;rapf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; cs;s
Fwpfis thrpj;Jf; Fwpfs; mq;F ,Ue;jy;
njhlh;ghff; fzpdpf;Fj; juTfs; cs;splg;gLk;

27. EZf;Fg;gd;dp
(Microphone)
fzpdpf;F xypia cs;spLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; JizAWg;G Ezf;Fg;gd;dp MFk;.

29. fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; %yk; jahh;nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fis vkf;Fj; jUk; tptuq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpw;
rpy.
nkd;efy; (Soft Copy)
td;efy; (Hard copy)
xyp (Sound)
nkd;efy; (Soft Copy) :- nkd;efy; vd;gJ jpiu kPJ ghh;g;gjw;fhf khj;jpuk; jfty;fis ntspapLjy;
MFk;. nkd;efy; tbtj;jpy; jfty;fis ntspapLk; cj;jpfshtd:
jpiu (Monitor/ Screen)
nkd; efyhfj; jftiy ntspapLk; Kf;fpa cj;jp fzpdpj; jpiuahFk;. ,J fl;Gyf; fhl;rp myF
(Visual display Unit) MFk;. fzpdpj; jpiuapd; gy tiffs; cs;sd, mitahtd:
ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; (Output Devices)
 fNjhl;Lf; fjph;f; FohAld; $ba jpiu (Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and Monitor)
 jputg; gspq;Ff; fhl;rp (Liquid Crystal Display – (LCD))
 xspfhYk; ,Uthap (Light Emitting Diode – (LED))

30. fNjhl;Lf; fjph;f; FohAld; $ba jpiu
(Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and Monitor)
njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J ,d;W tiu ntspaPl;L
cj;jpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,t;tifj; jpiu
mstpy; nghpajhf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis mjpf
msT kpd;id Efh;fpd;wJ. MfNt> ,J
gbg;gbahfg; gad;ghl;bypUe;J ePq;Ffpd;wJ.
jputg; gspq;Ff; fhl;rp
(Liquid Crystal Display – (LCD))
,f;fzpdpj; jpiu rkjsf; fhl;rpj;
njhopDl;gtpaYf;Nfw;g cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
,U tisjF Kidthf;fpa kpd;tha;fSf;fpilNa
xU gspq;Ff; fiuriyr; Nrh;j;J ,J
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

31. xspfhYk; ,Uthap
(Light Emitting Diode – (LED))
jputg;gspq;Ff; fhl;rpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gspq;Ff; fiurYf;Fg; gjpyhf xspfhYk; ,Uthapiag;
gpuNahfpj;J mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s LED fzpdp jpiu kpf;f fth;;r;rp Njitg;gLk; nghJ ,lq;fspy;
iriffs;> fhl;rpg; gyiffs;> th;j;jfg; ngah;g;gyiffs; Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
xspfhYk; ,Uthapj; njhopDl;gtpay; ,d;W gpurpj;jpngw;w Clfkhf khwpapUg;gjw;Ff; Fiwe;j msT
kpd; Efug;gLfpd;wikNa fhuzkhFk;.

32. gy;Y}lf vwpit
(Multimedia Projector)
xNu jlitapy; gyh; ,urpf;fj;jf;f mfd;w jpiu jfty;fis ntspapl Ntz;baNghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
cj;jp gy;Y}lf vwpitahfFk;. Mrphpah;fs; fw;gpj;j;y; Clfkhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f Kd;itg;Gfisf;
fhl;Ltjw;Fk; tpahghuf; $l;lq;fis elj;Jtjw;Fk; nghOJNghf;fpw;fhf xspAUf; fhl;rpfis
,urpg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,r;rhjdj;ijf; fzpdpj; njhFjpAld; ,izg;gjd; %yk; xh; mfsd;w
jpiu kPJ Njitahd jfty;fis ntspaplyhk;.

34. td;efy; (Hard Copy)
njhlj;jf;f fzpdp ntspaPlhf td;efiyf; fhl;lyhk;. td;efiy ntspapLk; ntspaPl;L cj;jpfshtd.
mr;Rg; nghwpfs; (Printers): mr;Rg; nghwp Kf;fpakhf ,Utifg;gLk; mitahtd.
mr;Rg;nghwpfs;
Printers
mOj;jr;Rg; nghwpfs;
(Impact Printers)
Gs;sp mikTU mr;Rg; nghwp
(Dot Matrix Printer)
thp mr;Rg;nghwp
(Line Printer)
mOj;jhj mr;Rg;nghwpfs;
(Non Impact Printers)
Nyrhl mr;Rg;nghwp
(Laser Printer)
Fkpop / ikj; jhiu mr;Rg;nghwp
(Bubble Printer / Ink Jet Printer)
ntg;g mr;Rg;nghwp
(Thermal Printer)

35. mOj;jr;Rg; nghwpfs; (Impact Printers)
mr;rPl;Lj; njhopDl;gtpaypy; mOj;jr;Rg; nghwpfs; Kjd;ik thpirf;F chpadthFk;. ,q;F
nghwpKiw cj;jpahdJ mr;rpd; jiy (Head) jhspd; kPJgLthD}L mr;rPL eilngWfps;wikahFk;.
,t;tOj;jk; fhuzkhf mJ njhopw;gLk;NghJ ,iur;ry; Vw;gl;lhYk; mjpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ik
ehlh (Ink Ribbon) tpiy $bajd;W Mifahy; kpfTk; ,yhgfukhdjhFk;. mr;rpl;l efy;fis
itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tq;fpfs;> fsQ;rpaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; ,it nghpJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 Gs;sp mikTU mr;Rg; nghwp (Dot Matrix Printer)
 thp mr;Rg;nghwp (Line Printer)

36. Gs;sp mikTU mr;Rg; nghwp
(Dot Matrix Printer)
mr;Rg; nghwpapd; jiy Crp Nghd;w $h;fspd;
%yk; ik cs;s ehlhtpy; gLfpd;wikahy; rpwpa
Fw;W tbtj;jy; jhspd; kPJ vOj;Jfs;
mr;rplg;gLfpd;wd.
thp mr;Rg;nghwp
(Line Printer)
xU jlit xU thp tPjk; mr;rpLk; ,g;nghwp
kpfTk; tpiuthd mr;Rg;nghwpahFk;. mJ xU
epkplj;jpw;F Vwj;jho 3000 thpfis
mr;rplj;jf;fJ.

37. mOj;jh mr;Rg;nghwp
(Non Impact Printers)
,t;tr;Rg;nghwp gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jhspd; kPJ mOj;Jtjpy;iy Mifahy;> ,tw;wpy; ,iur;ry;
Vw;gLtjpy;iy. fpilf;Fk; mr;Rg;gbfs; kpfj; njspthditAk; Jg;guthditAk; MFk;. vdpDk;>
,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Clfk; tpiy$baJ Mifahy;> ,jidg; gad;gLj;jy; ,yhgfukhdjd;W.
,j;jifa rpy mOj;jh mr;Rg;nghwpfisg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
 Nyrh; mr;Rg;nghwp (Laser Printers)
 Fkpo; / ikj; jhiu mr;Rg;nghwp (Bubble / Ink jet Printer)
 ntg;g mr;rg;nghwp (Thermal Printer)
 tiutp (Plotter)

38. Nyrh; mr;Rg;nghwp
(Laser Printers)
Nyrh; mr;Rg;nghwpapy; mr;rplg;gl Ntz;ba gFjp
xU Nyrhlf; fw;iwapd; %yk; (Xh; MbapD}lhf)
Xh; Vw;wpa cUis (Drum) kPJ mDg;gg;gLtJk;
mjd; kPJ xU nghwpAiwapy; (Cartridge) cs;s
cyh; ikg;nghb (Toner) gLtjD}lhf
mr;rplg;gLjYk; eilngWfpd;wd.
xU epkplj;jpw;F ehd;F A4 msT jhs;fis
mr;rpLk; fjpapy; njhopw;gLk; mr;Rg; nghwpfSk;
cs;sd. fWg;G epwk; Nghd;W gy;NtW
epwq;fisf; nfhz;l ikg;nghb (Toner)
,Ug;gjdhy;> njspthd> jukhd cUf;fisAk;
mr;Rg; gbfisAk; ntspapLtjw;F kpfTk; cfe;j
rhjdk; Nyrh; mr;Rg;nghwpahFk;
Fkpo; / ikj; jhiu mr;Rg;nghwp
(Bubble / Ink jet Printer)
,e;j mr;Rg;nghwpapy; nghjpAiwapy; (Catridge)
xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; itf;fg;gLk; jut epiyikapy;
cs;s ik (Liquid Ink) rpwpa Jthuq;fspD}lhfj;
(Nozzles) jhspd; kPJ gl;L mr;rPL
eilngWfpd;wJ.

39. ntg;g mr;rg;nghwp
(Thermal Printer)
,e;j mr;Rg;nghwpapy; ntg;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpj;
jhspd; kPJ mr;rPL eilngWfpd;wJ. th;j;jf
tpahghuk;> jd;dpaf;ff; fhrspg;Gg; nghwp
Mfpatw;wpy; gw;Wr;rPl;Lfis toq;Ftjw;Fk;
Rl;Lj; Jz;Lfis mr;RLtjw;Fk; ,J mjpf
mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
tiutp
(Plotter)
fzpdp njhlh;ghd jpl;lkplypy;; (fl;llf; fiy
tbtikg;Gfs; gazj; jpl;lkpy;fs;> fg;gw; gazj;
jpl;lq;fs;) mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;Glk; ,t;
ntspaPl;L cj;jpapd; %yk; jhspd; kPJ xU Ngdh
mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; jpl;lk; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wJ.

40. xypfs; (Sounds)
xypia ntspapLk; cj;jpfis xypngUf;fpfshff; fhl;lyhk;. nghJthf my;yJ jdpg;gl;l tpjj;jpy;
xypf;fk; cj;jpfs; cs;sd.

41. ika Kiwtopahf;f myF
(Central Processing Unit) - CPU
fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; mbg;gil mk;rk; ika Kiwtopahf;f myfhFk;. fzpdpapd; %isahf
mikf;fg;gLk; ika Kiwtopahf;f myF fl;lisfSf;Nfw;gj; njhopw;gLk; mNjNtis gzpnray;
KiwikAk; (Operating) gpuNahf nkd;nghUSk; (Application Softare) njhopw;gLfpd;wd. ika
Kiwtopahf;f myF Kf;fpa %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ..
vz;fzpjKk; jUf;f myFk;
(Arithmetic & Logical Unit – ALU)
vy;yh tif vz;fzpj> jUf;fr; nray;fs;
eilngWfpd;wd.
fl;Lg;ghl;L myF
(Control Unit – CU)
fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; vy;yh cj;jpfSk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
epidtfg; gjptfq;fs;
(Memory Regiters)
ika Kiwtopahf;f myfpy; cs;sd. vz;fzpj>
jUf;f myfpy; njhopw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
KiwtopfSf;Fj; Njitahd juTfs; jw;fhypfkhf
itj;jpUf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

42. fzpdpapd; fjp
fzpdpapd; fjp fzpdpapd; xU rpwg;gpay;ngd ehk; fw;Nwhk;. ,q;F ika Kiwtopahf;f myfpdhy;
juTfisj; jahhnra;tjw;F vLf;Fk; Neuk; fjpahf mikf;fg;gLfps;wJ. ,J fbfhuf; fjp (Clock
Speed) vdg;gLk;. fhyk; msf;fg;gLk; myF Ntww;]; (Hertz – HZ) Mf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis
fzpdpapdl fjp nkfhNtww;]; (Mega hertz –MHz) my;yJ fpfhNtw;]; (Giga hertz – GHz) vd;Dk;
myfpy; msf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

43. fzpdp epidtfq;fs;
(Computer Memories)
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Njf;fp itg;gjw;fhd Mw;wy; fzpdpaplk; cz;nld ehk; fhw;Nwhk;.
gy;NtW fzpdp epidtfq;fs; (Computer Memories) my;yJ Njf;fr; rhjdq;fs; (Storage Devices)
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Njf;fpitf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mNjNtis epidtfq;fspd;
njhopw;ghL NtWgl;lJ.

44. Kjy; epidtfk;
(Primary Memory)
fzpdpj; njhFjpf;F cs;splg;gLk; juTfs; ika Kiwtopahf;f myfpdhy; jahh;nra;ag;gLtjw;F
Kd;dUk; jahh;nra;ag;gl;l gpd;dUk; Kjy; epidtfj;jpy; (Primary Memory) my;yJ Kjd;ik
epidtfj;jpy; (Main Memory) itj;jpUf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,J Kjy; Njf;ffk; (Primary Storage) vdg;gLk;.
Kjy; epidtfk; %d;W tifg;gLk;.
jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk; (Random Access Memory (RAM))
thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk; (Read Only Memory (ROM))
gJf;F epidtfk; (Cache Memory)

45. jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfk;
(Random Access Memory (RAM))
jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;ijj; jahh; nra;tjw;F topg;gLj;Jk; tiuf;Fk; juTfs; jw;fhypfkhf
itj;Jf;nfhs;ssg;gLfpd;wd. mjpy; itj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; juTfs; fzpdp njhopw;gLjy;
epw;ghl;lg;gLk;NghJ (Switch Off) epidtpypUe;J mfw;wg;gLk;.
MfNt ,e;epidtfk; mopjF epidtfk; (Volatile Memory) vdg;gLk;. mt;thNw jfty;fis
ntspapLjy;> Njf;fp itj;jy;> kPz;Lk; ngWjy; Mfpatw;Wf;F Kjy; epidtfj;jpD}lhfNt Jiz
epidtfj;jpw;Fj; juTfs; topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
jw;NghJ gad;ghl;by; cs;s jw;Nghf;Fg; ngWtop epidtfj;jpd; nfhs;jpwd;fs; 1 GB njhlf;fk; 24 GB
tiu ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis njhopDl;gj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; ,e;j msTfs; khwyhk;.

46. thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk;
(Read Only Memory (ROM))
thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfj;jy; cs;s jfty;fs; vg;NghJk; khwhky; ,Uf;fk;. MfNt mJ mopTwh
epidtfkhFk; (Non – Volatile memory). fzpdpapd; mbg;gil Kiwtopf;Fj; Njitahd fl;lisfs;
thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfj;jpy; Njf;fp itf;fg;gLk;.
mbg;gil cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;Lj; njhFjp ((BIOS) – Basic Input Output System) fl;lisahf ,Uf;Fk;
,f;fl;lisfs; fzpdp cw;gj;jp epWtfj;jpdhy; thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfj;jpy; rpwpa ,lj;jpy; Njf;fp
itf;fg;g;l;L> fzpdpj; jha;g;gyifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

47. gJf;F epidtfk;
(Cache Memory)
gJf;F epidtfk; Vida epidtfq;fspYk; ghh;f;f mstpw; rpwpajhf ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk; kpfTk;
tpiuthdJ. ,J ika Kiwtop myF epidtfk; (CPU Memory) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ika
Kiwtop myfpw;Fk; (CPU) Kjd;ik epidtfj;jpw;Fk; (Main Memory) ,ilNa cs;s ,J mbf;fb
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; juTfis itj;jpUf;Fk;.
ika Kiwtop myfpypUe;J juTfs; ,Uf;fpd;wdth vd;W gJf;F epidtfj;jpy; (Cache Memory)
Nrhjpj;Jg; ghh;f;fg;gl;L Kiwtopahf;fpf;F topg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,k;Kiwtop fhuzkhf ika Kiwtop
myfpd; fjp mjpfhpf;Fk;. vdpDk;> juTfs; ,y;yhjNghJ Kjd;ik epidtfj;jpypUe;J juTfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;L mtw;iwg; gJf;F epidtfj;jpy; Njf;fp itj;J ika Kiwtop myfpw;F topg;gLj;Jk;.

48. Jiz epidtfk;
(Secondary Memory Auxiliary)
Jiz epidtfk; my;yJ Jizj; Njf;fk; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; epiyahfj; Njf;fp itf;Fk;
JizAWg;ghFk;. ,J Gaj; Njf;ffk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. cs;Ns fzpdpj; njhFjpf;fj;
njhLf;fg;gLk; Njf;ffr; rhjdq;fs; Nghd;W Gwj;Nj fzpdpf;Fj; njhLf;ff; $baJk; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk;
nfhz;L nry;yj;jf;Jkhd Jizj; Njf;fr; rhjdq;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;iwr; rpy tiffshf
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

49. fhe;j Clfr; rhjdq;fs; (Magnetic Media Devices)
fhe;j Clfr; rhjdq;fs; fhe;j Vw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; juTfisj; Njf;fp itf;Fk;.
td;tl;L (Hard Disk)
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Njf;fp itf;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Clfkhfpa td;tl;L
nghJthff; fzpdpapDs;Ns fhzg;gLk;. vdpDk; Gwj;NjapUe;J fzpdpf;Fj; njhLf;fg;gLk; td;tl;LfSk;
cs;sd. jpdKk; Kd;NdWk; njhopDl;gtpay; fhuzkhfg; nghpa nfhs;jpwidf; (juTfs; Njf;fp
itf;fg;gl;j;jf;f ,l msT) nfhz;l td;tl;Lfs; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
td;tl;by; cs;s juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; thrpj;jYk; mjd; kPJ vOJjYk; gaeUf;F ,aYk;.
MfNt> ,J Clfj;ij thrpf;Fk; vOJk; epidtfk; vdg;gLk;. td;tl;bd; nfhs;jpwd; 250 GB ,w;Fk; 4
TB ,jw;kpilNa ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis njhopDl;gtpaypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; ,e;j msT jpdKk; khwp
tUfpd;wJ.

50. td;tl;bd; gFjpfs;
1) epidtfj;jl;L (Platter) – cNyhfj;jl;lhf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis ,jd; ,U
gf;fq;fspYk; juTfisj; Njf;fp itg;gjw;fhd Mw;wy; cz;L. xU td;
tl;by; gy epidtfj; jl;Lfs; ,Uf;fyhk;.
2) Roy; jz;L (Spindle) – epditfj; jl;il itj;Jf; nfhz;L Royr;
nra;fpd;wJ.
3) jiy (Head) – epidtfj; jl;by; cs;s fhe;jj; juTfis epidtfj; jl;bd;
kPJ vOJjy; Mfpad jiyapd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. xU epidtfj;
jl;bw;F NkNyAk; fPNoAk; ,U jiyfs; cz;L.
4) J}z;bg; Gak; (Actuator arm) – jiy J}z;bg; Gaj;jpd; %yk; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; mirf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
epidtfj; jl;by; ve;j ,lj;jpYk; juTfis vOJtijAk; thrpg;gijAk; rhj;jpakhf;FfpdwJ.
5) tYj; njhLg;ghd; (Power connector) – td;tl;bd; njhopw;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd kpd;tYit njhLf;fpd;wJ.
6) IDE njhLg;ghd; (IDE connector) – epidtfj; jl;bw;Fj; juTfisg; ghpkhWfps;wJ.
7) J}z;b (Actuator) - ,jDld; njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Gaj;ij mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nfhz;L nry;Yk; kpd; mq;fkhfpa
,J Nkhl;lhpd; %yk; njhopq;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

51. fhe;j ehlh
(Magnetic Tape)
Fiwe;j fjpiaAk; cah; nfhs;jpwidAk; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; ghJfhj;J
itg;gjw;F khj;jpuk;fisAk; ghJfhj;J itg;gjw;F khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jpdrhp tho;tpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

52. xspapay; Clfq;fs;
(Optical Media)
Xh; cNyhfj; jl;by; Fwpg;gjd; (ntl;Ltjd;) %yk; juTfs; Njf;fp itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. juTfisAk;
jfy;fisAk; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy if xspapay;
jl;Lfs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

53. rhjdk; tif msT tpk;gk;
,Wtl;L CD- Rom (Compact Disc –
Read Only Memory)
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; thrpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ thrpg;G kl;Lk; epidtfk;
650 – 900 MB
CD – R (Compact Disc – Write once)
xU jlit khj;jpuk; juTfisAk; jfy;fisAk; vOjp>
gpd;dh; thrpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ (Write
once then Read only)
CD – RW (Compact Disc Re – Writable) Gy jlit juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; vOjyhk; 650 – 900 MB
,yf;fKiwg; gy;tpjj; jl;Lfs;. DVD
– ROM Digital Versatile Disc – Read
Only Memory.
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; thrpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
4.7 – 9.4 GBDVD – R (Digital Versatile disc – Write
Once)
xU jlit khj;jpuk; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; vOjp>
gpd;dh; thrpj;jiy khj;jpuk; nra;fpad;wJ
DVD – RW (Digital Versatile Disc –
Rearitable)
gy jlit juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; vOjj;jf;fJ
G@ - Nw Blu – Ray (BD) R mjpf msT juTfidj; Njffp itf;fj;jf;f nghpa
nfhs;jpwidf; nfhz;lJ. Thrpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk; xU jlit
vOjj;f;fJ. juTfis vOJtjw;F ePy epwKs;s
Nyrh;f;fjph;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
25 – 128 GB
Blu – Ray RE xU jlit vOjg;gl;l; juTfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf kPz;Lk;
Mapuk; jlit Kof; nfhs;jpaDk; epuk;Gk; tiu juTfisr;
Nrh;f;fyhk;.
Blue – Ray #D 3D tPbNahtpy; gjpTnra;ag; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

54. jpz;k epiyikr; rhjdq;fs;
(Solid State Devices)
mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nry;yhj jpz;k mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; ,r;rhjdq;fs; jpz;k epiyikr;
rhjdq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;rhjdq;fs; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; thrpf;fTk; vOjTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
USB gspr;rPl;Lr; nrYj;jp (USB flash drive)
epidtf ml;il (Memory Card)

55. USB gspr;rPl;Lr; nrYj;jp
(USB flash drive)
vspjhf mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yj;
jf;fjhf ,Ug;gjdhYk; tpiuthfj; juTfisf;
fhz;gjw;fhd Mw;wy; fhuzkhfTk; USB
gspr;rPl;Lr; nrYj;jp kpfg; gpurpj;jpngw;w Jizj;
Njf;ffr; rhjdkhf cs;sJ.
epidtf ml;il
(Memory Card)
USB gspr;rPl;L ,af;fpia xj;j njhopw;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mdhy;> fzpdpAld;
njhLg;gjw;fhd njhopDl;gk; khWk; mNj Ntis
msTk; rpwpjhFk;. ,yf;fKiwf; fkuh> nry;Ngrp>
fzpdp tpisahl;L Mfpatw;wpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk; - ghJfhg;ghd ,yf;fKiw ml;il
(SD Card – Secure Digital Card)

56. fzpdpapd; Jiwfs;
(Ports)
fzpdpAk; fzpdpapd; rhjdq;fSk; NtnwhU fzpdpAld; njhLf;g;gLk; ,ilKfq;fs; Jisfs; MFk;.
xU fzpdpapy; Jiwfs; fzpdpapd; gpw;gf;fj;jpy; my;yJ Kw;gf;fj;jpy; cs;sd. Jiwfis
,dq;fhz;gjw;Ff; FwpaPLfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. vy;yhj; JiwfSk; jha;gyifAl;d (Motherboard)
njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

57. PS/2 Jiw
rhtpg;gyifiaAk; Rl;biaAk; fzpdpj; JiwAld;
njhLg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Cjh
epwKs;s Jiw rhtpg;gyiff;Fk; gr;ir epwKs;s
Jiw Rl;bf;Fk; chpad. Mdhy; jw;NghJ
rhtpg;gyifiaAk; Rl;biaAk; fzpdpj;
njhFjpAld; njhLg;gjw;Fk; ngUk;ghYk; USB
Jiw gad;gLj;g;gLfpd;wJ.
rkhejuj; Jiw (Parallel Ports)
rkhe;juj;Jiwapd; %yk; mr;Rg;nghwp fzpdpj;
njhFjpAld; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J 25
Jthuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ
mr;Rg;nghwpiaf; fzpdpj; njhFjpAld;
njhLg;gjw;F. USB Jiw ngUk;ghYk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

58. HDMI Jiw
tpNrlkhf kbf;fzpdpapy; fhzg;gLk; HDMI
Jiw fzpdpj; jpiu (Monitor)> gy;Y}lf vwpit>
,yf;fKiwj; njhiyf;fhl;rp> ,yf;fKiw
xypngUf;fp Mfpatw;iwj; njhLf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
RJ 45 Jiw
,j;Jiwapd; %yk; fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s
fzpdpfs;> tiyaikg;G topg;gLj;jp (Network
Router) Mfpad Nkhnlk;Kld; (Modem) my;yJ
tiyaikg;G MspAld; (Network Switch)
njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

59. nrtpg;Gyj;Jiw / Kid
(Audio Port / Jack)
,j;Jiw Ezf;Fg;gd;dp> xypg;ngUf;fp>
jiyg;gd;dp (Head Phone) Nghd;w nrtpg;Gy
Clfq;fisf; fzpdpj; njhFAld; njhLf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
ePy epwk; - xyp cs;sPL (Line In)
gr;ir epwk; - xypngUf;fp (Line Out)
Cjh epwk; - Ezf;Fg;gd;dp (Micro Phone)
mfpyj; njhlh;ghl;ikj;Jiw
(USB Universal serial Bus Port)
jw;NghJ gy cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fSk; ntspaPl;Lr;
rhjdq;fSk; fzpdpAld; USB Jiwapd; %yk;
njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

60. xspAUj;Jiw
(Video Port)
tiutpay; Jiw vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;
xspAUj;Jiw fzpdpj; jpiu> njhiyf;fhl;rp
my;yJ gy;Y}lf vwpit Mfpatw;iwf; fzpdpj;
njhFjpAkld; njhLf;fg; gadgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ,
,J 15 Jthuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
njhlh;epiyj;Jiw
(Serial Port)
fzpdpia ,izaj;Jld; njhLf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nkhnlj;ijf; (Modem)
fzpdpAld; njhLf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
jw;NghJ ,j; Jiwf;Fg; gjpyhf USB Jiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

61. juTj; njhlh;ghly; (Data Communication)
xU fzpdpapdhy; jahh;nra;ag;gl;l juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; NtnwhU fzpdpj; njhFjpf;F
CLflj;jy; juTj; njhlh;gh;y; MFk;.,e;juTj; njhlh;ghlypw;fhff; fzpdpfspilNa xU njhLg;ig
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mj;njhLg;G fzpdpfis tiyaikg;ghf;fYf;F mtrpakhFk;
juTj; njhlh;ghlYf;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil mk;rq;fs
juT %yk; - juTfis mDg;Geh;
(njhiyNgrp miog;igg; Vw;gLj;Jeh;)
CLflj;jy; Clfk; - juTfis
CLflj;jg; gad;gLj;Jk; Clfk;
(njhiyNgrp ehz;fs;> ehz;fspy;yhjJ)
juTthq;fp – juTfisg; ngWeh;
(njhiyNgrp miog;igg; ngWeh;)

62. juT CLflj;jg;gLk; Kiwfs;
(Data Transmission Modes)
xU njhFjpapypUe;J NtnwhU njhFjpf;Fj; juTfs; ntt;NtW Kiwfspy; CLflj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
mitahtd:
xw;iw Kiw (Simplex Mode)
miu ,Utopg;Nghf;F Kiw (Half Duplex Mode)
KO ,Utopg;Nghf;F Kiw (Full Duplex Mode)

63. xw;iw Kiw
(Simplex Mode)
xw;iwj; juT CLflj;jypy; juTfs; juT
KjypyUe;J juT thq;fpf;F khj;jpuk; nry;fpd;wd.
mr;Rg;gbfisg; ngWjy;> njhiyf;fhl;rp
epfo;r;rpfis ,urpj;jy;> thndhypiar;
nrtpkLj;jy; Mfpatw;ia ,jw;F
cjhuzq;fshff; fhl;lyhk;.
miu ,Utopg;Nghf;F Kiw
(Half Duplex Mode)
miu ,Utopg;Nghf;F Kiwapy; juTfs; xU
jpirapy; khj;jpuk; CLflj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ
%yj;jpypUe;J thq;fpf;Fj; juTfis CLflj;jy;
KbtilAk; NghJ khj;juk; thq;Feh; %yj;jpw;Fj;
juTfis CLflj;jyhk;. ,izaj;jpD}lhfj;
jfty;fis tprhhpj;jYk; ngWjYk;> ghJfhg;Gg;
gphptpdh; gad;gLj;Jk; Nthf;fp Nuhf;fpg; nghwp
Mfpad ,k;Kiwf;F cjhuzq;fshff;
fhl;lg;glyhk;.

64. KO ,Utopg;Nghf;F Kiw
(Full Duplex Mode)
KO ,Utopg;Nghf;F (Full Fuplex) Kiwapy; xNu jlitapy; ,U jpirfspYk; juTfs;
CLflj;jg;gLfpd;wd. njhiyNgrp ciuahly; ,k;Kiwf;F cjhuzkhFk;.

65. juT CLflj;jy;
(Data Transmission Medium)
njhFjpfspilNa njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kf;fpakhd Xh; mk;rk; CLflj;jYf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
ClfkhFk;. CLflj;jy; Clfq;fs; ,U tifapd. mjhtJ> topg;gLj;jg;gl;;l ClfKk;
topg;gLj;jg;glhj ClfKk; MFk;. gpd;tUk; cUtpy; ,t;tiffSf;Fhpa cjhuzq;fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

66. topg;gLj;jpa Clfk;
(Guided / Wired)
juTfis CLflj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Clfk; xU ngsjpf Clfk; (Physical Medium) vdpd;> mjid
topg;gLj;ja Clfkhff; fhl;lyhk;. xd;whf KWf;fpa fk;gpr; Nrhb (Taisted Pair) juT CLflj;jypw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J ,Utifg;gLk;.
gupiraplhj KWf;fpa Nrhb (Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP))
ghpirapl;l KWf;fpa fk;gpr; Nrhb (Shielded Twisted Pair (STP))

67. gupiraplhj KWf;fpa Nrhb
(Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP))
njhiyNgrpj; njhlh;GfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;;jg;gLk;
xd;whf KWf;fpa nrg;Gf; fk;gpr; Nrhb
ghpiraplg;glhj KWf;fpa fk;gpr; NrhbahFk;.
,it kpfTk; tisaj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;
mNjNtis ,yhgfukhdJ. vdpDk; neLe;
Jhuj;jpw;Fj; juTfis CLflj;jy; jilg;gLk;.
100 kPw;wh; vd;Dk; cah;e;jgl;rj; J}uj;jpw;Fj;
juTfis CLflj;Jtjw;F cfe;jJ.
ghpirapl;l KWf;fpa fk;gpr; Nrhb
(Shielded Twisted Pair (STP))
epiw $ba nryT kpf;f Mdhy; gupirapl;l
KWf;fpa fk;gpr; Nrhb juT CLflj;jy;
epiyikia tpUj;jpahf;fpAs;sJ.

68. Xur;R tlk;
(Coaxial Cable)
flj;Jk; tlr; Nrhb xd;isf; nfhz;l Xur;R
tlj;jpd; nrg;Gf; fk;;gp tiy Nghd;w xU Gw
tlk; ika tlj;ijr; Rw;wp kpd; fhe;jtpay;ig
cz;lhf;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;tlr; Nrhb gpshj;jpf;Fg;
ghpirapdhy; NtWgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhiyf;fhl;rp
md;nudh> CCTV tlq;fs. Mfpatw;Wf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,t;tlk; tpiy $baJ.
xspapay; ehh;fs;
(Fiber Optics)
,t;tlKk; flj;Jk; tlr; Nrhbiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. mfzp (Core) fz;zhbf;
NfhyhFk;. mjidr; Rw;wp nky;ypa fz;zhb
ehh;fSk; ,t;tlr; Nrhvia NtWgLj;Jtjw;Fg;
gpshj;jpf;Ff; fQ;RfKk; cs;sd. ,t;t+lfj;jpy;
cs;s rpwg;gpay;G juTfis CLflj;Jk;NghJ
xsp njwpg;gile;J CLflj;jg;gLtjhFk;. ,J
fjph;fspd; KwpT vdg;gLk;. ,J etPd
njhiyNgrp tiyaikg;Gfspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ .,J tpiy $baJ.

69. topg;gLj;jg;glhj Clfq;fs;
(Unguided / Wireless)
ngsjpfg; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jhky; iriffshfj; juTfis CLflj;jy;> topg;gLj;jg;glhj
Clfk; vdg;gLk;.
thndhyp miyfs; (Radio Wave)
Ez;ziyfs; (Microwaves)
nrq;fPo;f; fjph;fs; (Infrared)

70. thndhyp miyfs;
(Radio Wave)
juTfis CLflj;Jtjw;F thndhyp miy
Clfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ it ig (wi – Fi)
G@Uj; (Bluttooth) Mfpad thndhyp miyfpspd;
kPjhd njhopw;ghLfSf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.
nrq;fPo;f; fjph;fs;
(Infrared)
njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; Nra;ikf;fl;Lg;gLj;jfspw;
Nghd;W ehz;fs; ,y;yhj rhtpg;gyiffisAk;
Rl;bfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F nrq; fPo;f; fjph;j;
juTfis CLflj;Jk; Clfq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

71. Ez;ziyfs;
(Microwave)
Ez;ziy CLflj;jypd;NghJ juTfs; xU Nfhl;by; nry;fpd;wd. MfNt CLflj;jy; epiyaq;fs;
xd;iwnahd;W Nehf;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. epiyaq;fSf;fpilNa cs;s J}uk; gw;wpj; jPh;khdpf;Fk;NghJ
gpuNjrj;jpd; Gtpapay; mk;rq;fs; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;. nra;kjp CLflj;jy; (Satellite Communication)
nra;kjpj; njhlh; ghlypy; juTfs; nrYj;Jk; mQ;ryq;fs; (Transponders) tbtj;jy;
CLflj;jg;gLfps;wd. 36000 fpNyh kPw;wh; cauj;jNy thdpy; ,Uf;Fk; nra;kjp epiyaq;fspdhy;
Gtpapy; cs;s NfhGuq;fspD}lhf NfhGuq;fSf;f CLflj;Jfpd;wd. nra;kjp CLflj;jypd; %yk; ve;ej;
J}uj;jpw;Fk; juTfis CLflj;jhk;. ,jid ,izaj; njhlh;ghlypw;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

72. fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfisj; njhLf;Fk; rhjdq;fs;
(Computer network connecting devices)
fzpdp tiyaikg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l fzpdpfs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fzpdpfis xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLg;gjw;fhfj; njhLf;Fk; rhjdq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

73. tiyaikg;G ,ilKf ml;il
(Networl Interface Card)
,J fzpdpapd; jha;g;gyifapy;
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehk; Nkw;Fwpj;j xU
re;jh;g;gj;jpy; fw;w juT CLflj;jy; topfhl;b
Clfk; (Guided / Wired) tiyaikg;G ,ilKf
ml;ilapy; (Network Interface Card) cs;s
tiyaikg;Gj; Jiwf;F (Network Port) fzpdp
njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;T+lfk; RJ 45 (Socket)
njhLg;gpapd; %yk; JiwAld; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Msp my;yJ Ftpak;
Switch / Hub
,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l
fzpdpfSf;fpilNa cs;s njhlh;ig
cUthf;Ftjw;F Msp my;yJ Ftpak;
,ilaPlhfj; njhopw;gLfps;wJ. ,j;njhlh;Gf;fhf
top fhlba (Guided / wired) Clfk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mNjNtis Xh; me;jk;
fzpdpapy; cs;s tiyaikg;Gj; JiwAlDk;
kw;iwa me;jk; Mspapy; my;yJ Ftpaj;jpy;
cs;s JiwAlDk; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

74. MspapYk; Ftpaj;jpYk; cs;s rpy NtWghLfs;
gpujhd NtWghL ghpkhWk; fjpahFk;. fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s fzpdpfSf;fpilNa jfty;fisg;
ghpkhWk; NghJ Ftpak; ghpkhWk; jfty;fs; vy;yhk; fzpdpf;F topg;gLj;jg;gLk; mNjNtis Msp chpa
fzpdpf;F khj;jpuk; jfty;fis topg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,q;F Ftpaj;jpd; %yk; Njitaw;w njhe;juT
Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
jfty;fisg; ghpkhw;Wk;NghJ Ftpak; miu - ,Utopg;Nghf;F (Half Duplex) Kiwapy; njhopw;gLk;
mNjNtis Msp KO - ,Utopg;Nghf;F (Full Fuplex) Kiwf;Fg; gad;gLjj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

75. it ig
(Wireless Fidelity – (Wi – Fi))
,d;W tiu fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w
Clfkhf it ig (Wi – Fi) Vw;gp mike;Js;sJ.
thndhyp miyfspd; %yk; kpf tpiuthd
fzpdpj; njhLg;igg; Nghd;W nry;NgrpfSf;Fk;
kbf; fzpdpfSf;Fk; tpiuthd ,izaj;
njhLg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F it ig Vw;gp
Clfkhf mikfpd;wJ.
topg;gLj;jp
(Router)
,uz;L my;yJ gy fzpdp
tiyaikg;GfspilNa njhLg;ig Vw;gLj;jg;
gad;gLj;Jk; rhjdk; topg;gLj;jp (Router)
MFk;. mJ tiyaikg;G Eiothapy; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;. jftiy CLflj;Jtjw;F
kpfTk; cfe;j topahdJ topg;gLj;jpapdhy;
jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

76. Nkhnlk;
(Modem)
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s fzpdpfspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jdpahs; fzpdpia
,dzaj;Jld; njhLf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdk;
Nkhnlk; MFk;. Nkhnlk; juTg; ngah;g;ghsuhfj;
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ fzpdpapy; cs;s ,yf;fKiwj; (Digital)
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; xj;jpirr; (Analog)
iriffshfg; ngah;j;Jj; njhiyNgrp tlq;fspd;
%yk; CLflj;jiyr; nra;fpd;wJ. ,J Modulation,
DEModulation vd miof;fg;gLk; mNjNtis
Modem vd;Dk; gjk; ,t;tpU nrhw;fspYUe;Jk;
ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkhnlk; rpy tifg;gLk;. mjhtJ
mfepiy Nkhnlk; (Internal) Gwepiy Nkhnlk;
(Externale)> fk;gpapy;yh (Wireless) Nkhnlk; MFk;.
jPr;Rth;
(Firewall)
jPr;Rthl vd;gJ fzpdp tiyaikg;igg;
ghJghf;Fk; njhFjpahFk;;. ,izaj;jpw;Fk; fzpdp
tiyaikg;gpw;FkpilNa juT jfty;
CLflj;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jj; Njitahd
Vw;ghLfs; ,jpy; ,lk;ngWk;. jPr;Rh;
,izaj;jpw;Fk; fzpdp tiyaikg;gpw;Fk;
,ilNa xU ghJghg;Gj; jLg;ghfj;
jhgpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,J nkd;nghUs; Nghd;W td;nghUshfTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; fzpdp
tiyaikg;gfSf;fpilNa cs;s juTfisAk;>
jfty;fisAk; ghpkhWk;NghJ cz;lhFk;
nehpriyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

77. Nritg; gaeh;; / Nritaf tiyaikg;G
(Client / Server Network)
fzpdp tiyaikg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU gpujhd fzpdpj; njhFjp cs;sJ. ,J Nritaff; (Server)
fzpdp vdTk; mjDld; njhlh;Ggl;l Vida fzpdp Nritg; gaeh; (Client) fzpdp vdTk;
miof;fggLk;. tiyaikg;Gg; gzpnra; njhFjp (Network Operating System) MdJ Nritaff; fzpdp
epWtg;gLk; ,izaj;jpypUe;J my;yJ gpuNjr tiyaikg;gpypUe;J juTfis my;yJ jfty;fisf;
NfhUgth; Nritg; gaeh; (Client) vdTk; juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; jfty;fisAk; toq;Feh;
Nritafk; (Server) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

78. fzpdp tiyaikg;G
(Computer Network)
fzpdp tiyaikg;G Njitf;F my;yJ ,ltrjpf;F Vw;gj; jpl;lkplg;gLfpd;wJ.

79. ,lj;Jhpg; gug;G tiyaikg;G
(Local Area Network (LAN))
xU fl;llj;jpd; Xh; miwapy; my;yJ rpy
miwfis ,izj;J epWtg;gLk; fzpdp
tiyaikg;G ,lj;Jhpg; gug;G tiyaikg;G (LAN)
vdg;gLk;. xu ghlrhiyapy; my;yJ
gy;fiyf;foj;jpy; rpwpa mstpy; tpahghuj;jpy;
my;yJ mYtyfj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
tiyaikg;ig ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; fhl;lyhk;.
ngUefh;g; gug;G tiyaikg;G
(Metropolitan Area Network (MAN))
10 iky; my;yJ mjpYk; Fiwe;j gpuNjrj;ij
cs;slf;FkhW mike;j ,lj;Jhpg; gug;G
tiyaikg;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; nfhz;l Nrh;khdk;
ngUefh;g; gug;G tiyaikg;Gfs;> fpisfs; cs;s
epWtf tiyaikg;Gfs;> fpisfs; cs;s
gy;fiyf;fof mikg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw ,tw;Wf;F
cjhuzkhf fhl;lyhk;

80. ngUk; gug;G tiyaikg;Gfs;
(Wide Area Network (WAN))
kpfTk; mfd;w xU gpuNjrj;ij cs;slf;FkhW mikf;fg;gLk; tiyaikg;G (WAN) ngUk; gug;G
tiyaikg;G vdg;gLk;. xU ehl;by; Nghd;W xU ehl;bw;F ntspNaAk; Vw;gLj;jg;Glk; tiyaikg;Gj;
njhLg;G ngUk; gug;G tiyaikg;G vdg;gLk;. ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzk; ,izak; MFk;.

81. tiyaikg;G ,ltpay;
(Network Topology)
xU tiyaikg;gpy; fzpdpj; njhLg;igj; jpl;lkplYk; tiyaikg;ghf;fKk; tiyaikg;ghf;f ,ltpay;
vdg;gLk;. gy;NtW tiyaikg;G ,ltpay;fsi cs;sd. mitahtd.
cL tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy; (Star Topology)
ghl;il tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy; (Bus Topology)
tisa tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy; (Ring Topology)
ku tbtj;jpw;F tbtikg;ghf;fy; (Tree Topology)
fz;zp tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy; (Mesh Topology)

82. cL tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy;
(Star Topology)
nghJthff; fhzj;jf;f tbtikg;ghfpa ,jpy;
Ftpaj;ij my;yJ Mspia ikakhff; nfhz;L
mjDld; fzpdpfs; njhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ghl;il tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy;
(Bus Topology)
gpujhd tlj;jpD}lhf vy;yj; njhLg;GfisAk;
Vw;gLj;jp tiyaikg;ghf;fiy ,t;thW fhl;lyhk;.
,t;tlj;jpy; Vw;gLk; xOq;fpd;ik vJTk;
tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s vy;yhf; fzpdpfisAk;
ghjpf;fyhk; Mifahy; tlk; KJnfYk;G
(Backbone) vdg;gLk;. KJnfYk;gpd; ,U
me;jq;fspYk; Kbg;ghd;fs; (Terminator)
fhzg;gLk;. mJ Nghd;W ,t;tbtikg;G kpf
vspjhifahy; ,q;F Fiw;j msT tlq;fs;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F tiuaWj;j
vz;dpf;ifapyhd fzpdpfis khj;juk;
njhLf;fyhk;.

83. tisa tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy;
(Ring Topology)
fzpdpfs; xU tisakhfj; jhdg;gLj;jg;gl;L
tlj;jpdhy; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLf;fg;gLk;
,t;tiyaikg;gpy; ve;jnthU juTk; jftYk;
tl;ltbtj;jpy; nry;Yk; xU fzpdpapy; my;yJ
tlj;jpy; cs;s xOq;fpd;ik KO tiyaikg;Gk;
jfh;Twf; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
ku tbtj;jpw;F tbtikg;ghf;fy;
(Tree Topology)
cL tbtj;jpyhd; (Star Topology) rpy
tiyaikg;Gfisg; ghl;il tbtj;jyp
tiyaikg;ghf;fy; ku ,ltpay; vdg;gLk;. ,q;F
xt;nthU tiyaikg;igAk; NtW Ntwhff;
fhl;Lg;gLj;jj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; Xh; mD$ykhFk;.

84. fzzp tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;ghf;fy;
(Mesh Topology)
,q;F tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s vy;yhf; fzpdpfSk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhLf;fg;gLk;. rpf;fyhd njhLg;G
Mifahy; fl;Lg;ghL fbdkhdjhFk;. nryT $baJ. vdpDk; xU fzpdpia Ntnwe;j fzdpAlDk;
njhLf;fyhk;. ,izaj;jpy; gy;NtW tif tiyaikg;Gfs;. ,Ug;gijg; fhzyhk;. ,J xU rpf;fyhd
tiyaikg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk; ngUk;ghYk; tiy tbtj;jpw;F tiyaikg;Gr;
nra;ag;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

86. juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk;
fzpdpfSf;fpilNa ghpkhwj;jf;fjhf
,Uj;jy;
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; fzpdpfSf;fpilNa
ghpkhwj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy; tiyaikg;ghf;fj;jpd;
xU Kf;fpa mD$ykhFk;. mt;thNw mj;juTfis
my;yJ jfty;fisr; Nritafj;jpd; (Server)
fzpdpapy; Njf;fpitg;gjd; Clhf
mt;tiyaikg;Gld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nritg;
gaeh;fs; (Client) xNu Neuj;jpy; jfty;fisg;
ngwj;jf;jhf ,Uf;Fk;
juTfisj; Njf;fp itj;jy;
Njitaw;w tpjj;jpy; xNu juitg; gy fzpdpfs;
Njf;fp itf;fhikahy; Njf;fp itg;gjw;fhd ,l
msTk; vQ;rpapUf;Fk;.

87. tsj;ijg; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jy;
mr;Rg;nghwp> tUb (Scanner)> nkhnlk; (Modem)
vd;Dk; rhjdq;fisj; fzpdp tiyaikg;Gl;d;
,izg;gjd; %yk; mt;tiyaikg;Gld;
,ize;Js;s Nritg; gaeh;fs; (Client) jq;fs;
fzpdpiaAk; mt;td;nghUs;fisAk; ,izj;jy;
vspjhFk;.
xU Kfg;gLj;jpa nkd; nghUs;fisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f nkd;nghUs;fs;
xt;nthd;iwAk; fzpdpf;F NtWNtwhf
epWTk;NghJ Njitaw;w NeuKk; gzKk;
nrytplg;gLfpd;wd. mk;nkd;nghUs;fisr;
Nritaff; (Server) fzpdpapy; Njf;fp itg;gjd;
%yk; tiyaikg;Gld; ,ize;Js;s Nritg;
gaeh; (Client) mk; nkd;nghUs;fisg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.

88. ahjhapDk; Xh; ,lj;jpy; ve;Neuj;jpYk;
,izg;gjw;fhd Mw;wy;
,izaj;Jld; ,iztjd; %yk; gaeh; ve;j Xh;
,lj;jpYk; ve;Neuj;jpYk; jdJ Mtzq;fSlDk;
juTfSlDk; ,izayhk;.
ghJfhg;G
mDkjpngw;w Nritg; gaeh;fs; khj;jpuk;
Nritafj;Jld; ,izayhk;. Mifahy; mjpy;
juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Njf;fp itj;jy;
kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghdjhFk;.

89. kpd;dQ;ry;
fzpdpfSf;fpilNa kpfTk; vspa jfty;
ghpkhw;w Kiwahf kpd;dQ;ry; Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
juTfSf;Ff; Fiwe;j ghJfhg;G
tiyaikg;ghf;fj;jpd; xU gpujhd gpujp$yk;
juTfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F KbahikahFk;.
tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s ve;jf; fzpdp %yKk;
juTfisj; Njf;fp itf;f Kbahtpl;lhy;
Nritafk; (Server) fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp
mDkjpapd;wpj; juTfisg; ngWtjd;Wk; mjidg;
ghJfhj;jy; fbdkhFk;.

90. tiyaikg;G jfh;TWjy;
rpy tiyaikg;G tbtikg;Gfspy; xU fzpdp
my;yJ tlk; jfh;TWjy; tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s
Vida fzpdpfspd; njhopw;ghl;ilg; ghjpf;Fk;.
er;Repuy;
fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s xU fzpdpapy;
my;yJ fzpdpfspy; er;Repuy; GFk;NghJ kw;iwa
fzpdpfSf;Fk; mJ gutyhk;.

91. fzpdpj; jtWfs;
gpujhd fzpdpapy; tOf;fs; my;yJ jfh;Twjy;
Vw;gLtjhy; kw;iwa fzpdpfSk; njhopw;ghlhky;
,Uf;fyhk;
gapw;rpj; Njitfs;
xU tiyaikg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; ,lh;g;ghL
tiyaikg;ig Kfhkpf;Fk; egh; Nghd;W mjidg;
gw;wp tpNrl gapw;rp ngw;wtUk; mtrpak;.